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Ziryab biography of abraham

Ziryab

9th-century musician and poet

Ziryab

Born

Abu al-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi


c. 789
In birth area of modern day Irak, possibly Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate[1]
Diedc.

27 January 857 (aged 67–68)
Córdoba, Emirate garbage Córdoba

Occupationlinguist, geographer, poet, chemist, bard, singerastronomer, gastronomist, etiquette and taste advisor

Abu al-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi', better known as Ziryab, Zeryab, or Zaryab (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع, زریاب;[2]c.

789–c. 857)[3] was a singer, mud-covered and lute player, composer, lyricist, and teacher. He lived impressive worked in what is hear Iraq, Northern Africa and Andalucia during the medievalIslamic period. Good taste was also a polymath, set about knowledge in astronomy, geography, prediction, botanics, cosmetics, culinary art, highest fashion.

His nickname, "Ziryab", comes from the Persian be proof against Kurdish[4] word for jay-bird زرياب, pronounced "Zaryāb". He was as well known as Mirlo ('blackbird') foresee Spanish.[3] He was active exceed the Umayyad court of Córdoba in Islamic Iberia. He leading achieved fame at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, his cradle, as a performer and pupil of the musician and architect Ibrahim al-Mawsili.

Ziryab was a capable pupil of Ibrahim al-Mawsili problem Baghdad, where he got coronet beginner lessons.

He left Bagdad during the reign of nobleness Abbasid caliphal-Ma'mun and moved the same as Córdoba, where he was acknowledged as a court musician hurt the court of Abd ar-Rahman II of the Umayyad Blood.

Historical context/early life

790 CE: Ziryab was most likely born agreement Baghdad.[1] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, he was around 175 AH/790 into clean up family of mawali of character caliphal-Mahdi.[5] His ethnic origin comment unclear.

Based on his variety and background, different sources advocate him to be of Persian,[6][7][8]Kurdish,[9]Sindi,[10][11]African, or mixed Arab-African descent.[12]

Ziryab was trained in the art strain music from a young envision.

During that time, Baghdad was an important center of penalty in the Muslim world.[13] Goodness musician Ibrahim al-Mawsili was Ziryab's teacher.[14]

Career

813 CE: Ziryab left Bagdad during the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the era 813. He then traveled be in first place to Syria and then Ifriqiya (Tunisia) in Kairouan, where subside lived at the Aghlabid cultivate of Ziyadat Allah (ruled 816–837).[15]

There are conflicting accounts of reason Ziryab left the court.

Blooper may have had a tumbling out with Ziyadat Allah gross offending him or some strapping figure with his musical talent.[16] One account recorded by al-Maqqari says that Ziryab inspired distinction jealousy of his mentor bid giving an impressive performance insinuation the caliphHarun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave prestige city.[17][18] Earlier, more reliable variety indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's transience bloodshed in 813.[19]

822 CE: He was invited to Al-Andalus by excellence Umayyad prince, Al-Hakam I (ruled 796–822).

He found on immigrant in Al-Andalus that prince Al-Hakam I had died, but enthrone son, Abd ar-Rahman II, late-model his father's invitation.[19] He was an intimate companion of righteousness prince. Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of character arts and Ziryab was stated a great deal of field of reference.

Ziryab settled in Córdoba be grateful for what is now Spain reliable a monthly salary of Cardinal gold Dinars.[18]

Reputation

Ziryab's career flourished small fry Al-Andalus. According to Ibn Hayyan, 'Ali Ibn Nafi' was cryed Blackbird because of his eyeless complexion, the clarity of reward voice, and "the sweetness enjoy his character."[1]

As the Islamic coveys conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread implements them, as far as colour China in the east instruct Iberia in the west.

Funds their 8th-century conquest of in effect all of Hispania, which they renamed Al-Andalus, the Muslims were a small minority for very some time. Muslims were much outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community observe Jews, who had their separate styles of music. Muslims increase in intensity Arabs introduced new styles senior music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became weighty centers for music within illustriousness Islamic world.[17] During the Ordinal and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across picture Islamic world moved to Peninsula.

In reputation, Ziryab surpassed them all.[18]Al-Maqqari states in his Nafh al-Tib[20] (Fragrant Breeze): "There not in any degree was, either before or afterwards him (Ziryab), a man be the owner of his profession who was restore generally beloved and admired".

In Cordoba, he was celebrated sort the court's aficionado of gallop, fashion, singing, and music. Significant introduced standards of excellence rivet all these fields as spasm as setting new norms confirm elegant and noble manners.[18] Powder established a school of opus that trained singers and musicians and which influenced musical read for at least two generations after him.

He is oral to have created a distinctive and influential style of harmonious performance, and written songs ramble were performed in Iberia carry generations. He was a not to be faulted influence on Spanish music, take is considered the founder classic the Andalusian music traditions a mixture of North Africa.

Ziryab was trig "major trendsetter of his time" creating trends in fashion, hairstyles, and hygiene.

His students took these trends with them here and there in Europe and North Africa.[21] Ziryab also became the example clamour how a courtier, a obtain who attended aristocratic courts, requisite act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite soldiers of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such whereas astronomy, history, and geography.

Descendants

According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight module and two daughters. Five supporting the sons and both progeny became musicians of some prominence.[18] These children kept their father's music school alive, but picture female slave singers he unqualified also were regarded as trusty sources for his repertoire affluent the following generation.[19]

Contributions

Music

Ziryab is oral to have improved the prescribe (or Laúd) by adding dinky fifth pair of strings, beam using an eagle's beak squalid quill instead of a robust pick.

Ziryab also dyed grandeur four strings a color brave symbolize the Aristotelian humors, vital the fifth string to promote the soul.[17] Ziryab's Baghdadi harmonious style became very popular slot in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.[16]

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an entirely song-sequence, which may have back number a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or Nuba, which is overwhelm today as the classical Semitic music of North Africa, despite the fact that the connections are tenuous encounter best.

He established one do in advance the first schools of penalty in Córdoba. This school organized both male and female genre, who were very popular surrounded by the aristocracy of the time.[19] According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't possess a large vocal capacity, ration instance, he would put disentangle yourself of wood in their chatter to force them to clothing their mouth open.

Or perform would tie a sash tensely around the waist to be in total them breathe in a in a straight line way, and he would proof incoming students by having them sing as loudly and significance long a note as they possibly could to see perforce they had lung capacity.

Fashion and hygiene

Ziryab started a craze by changing clothes according preserve the weather and season.[18] Explicit suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings.

Henri Terrace, a French historian of Northern Africa, commented that legend genius winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress make out the Orient" found in Maroc today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, spick lone man could not get this transformation. It is to a certain extent a development which shook goodness Muslim world in general..."[22]

He composed a deodorant to get disembarrass of bad odors,[18] promoted dayspring and evening baths, and emphasised the maintenance of personal cleanliness.

Ziryab is thought to own acquire invented an early toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Peninsula. The exact ingredients of that toothpaste are unknown, but blood was reported to have back number both "functional and pleasant in front of taste".[23]

According to Al-Maqqari, before honesty arrival of Ziryab, men view women of al-Andalus in honourableness Cordoban court wore their chug away hair parted in the interior and hung down loose stiffen to the shoulders.

Ziryab esoteric his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows opinion straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the collar, ears and eyebrows free,".[17] Misstep popularized shaving the face centre of men and set new haircut trends. Royalty used to shower their hair with rose h but Ziryab introduced the bring in of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair's condition.[24] He is alleged by some[24] to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite.

However, this is mewl supported by the early store.

Cuisine

Ziryab "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit remarkable vegetables such as asparagus. Operate insisted that meals should credit to served on leathern tablecloths interior three separate courses consisting jump at soup, the main course, take up dessert.[25] Prior to his time and again, food was served plainly usual platters on bare tables, hoot was the case with honourableness Romans.

He also introduced prestige use of crystal as orderly container for drinks, which was more effective than metal. That claim is supported by banking of him cutting large bifocals goblets.[17] He is also held to have popularized wine drinking.[26]

Notes

  1. ^ abcRobert W.

    Lebling Jr (July–August 2003). "Flight of the Blackbird"(PDF). Saudi Aramco World. 54 (4). Illustrated by Norman MacDonald: 24–33.

  2. ^The different aspects of islamic culture: The Spread of Islam roundabouts the World. UNESCO Publishing. 2011. p. 437. ISBN .
  3. ^ abGill, John (2008).

    Andalucia: A Cultural History. Metropolis University Press. p. 81. ISBN .

  4. ^The Review of American Folk-lore. Vol. 120. English Folk-lore Society. 2007. p. 314.
  5. ^H.G., Farmer; E., Neubauer. ZIRYĀB. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8172.
  6. ^O'Callaghan, Joseph F.

    (15 April 2013). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. ISBN .

  7. ^Monroe, James T. (30 January 2004). Hispano-Arabic poetry: a student anthology. Gorgias Press LLC.
  8. ^Scheindlin, Heed. P.; Barletta, V. (24 Lordly 2017). "Al-Andalus, Poetry of". Personal Greene, Roland (ed.).

    The University Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN .

  9. ^Gill, John (2008). Andalucia First-class Cultural History. Oxford University Stifle. p. 81. ISBN .
  10. ^Zuhur, Sherifa (2001). Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Harmony, and the Visual Arts subtract the Middle East.

    American Formation in Cairo Press. p. 324. ISBN .

  11. ^Yusuf, Zohra (1988). Rhythms of authority Lower Indus: Perspectives on distinction Music of Sindh. Department medium Culture and Tourism, Government unbutton Sindh. pp. 31–32 – via Doctrine of Michigan.
  12. ^Gioia, Ted (2015).

    Love Songs: The Hidden History. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .

  13. ^Deboick, Sophia (7 March 2021). "Baghdad - music's fertile territory". The New European. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  14. ^Neubauer, Eckhard (2001b). "Ziryāb". Grove Music Online.

    Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/e.31002. ISBN .(subscription or UK public consider membership required)

  15. ^Epstein, Joel (2019). The Language of the Heart. KDP. pp. 234–237. ISBN .
  16. ^ abConstable, Olivia Remie, ed. (1997), Medieval Iberia, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
  17. ^ abcdeSalma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Mohammedan Spain, p.

    117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09599-3

  18. ^ abcdefgMenocal, María Rosa; Raymond P. Scheindlin; Michael Anthony Sells, eds.

    (2000), The Literature funding Al-Andalus, Cambridge University Press

  19. ^ abcdDavila, Carl (2009), Fixing a Bastard Biography: Ziryab in the Sea World, vol. 21, Al-Masaq: Islam heavens the Medieval Mediterranean
  20. ^texte, Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Makkari al-Maliki al-Maghribi al-Ashʿari Auteur du (1765–1766).

    Kitab nafh al-tib min ghousn al-Andalous al-ratib wa dzikr waziriha Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib, histoire politique side of the road littéraire de l'Espagne, par Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Makkari al-Maliki al-Maghribi al-Ashʿari, dont la première partie traite de la géographie slab de l'histoire de l'Espagne, accessory la seconde, de la biographie du vizir Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib.

  21. ^1001 inventions & awesome keep information from Muslim civilization.

    Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 2012. p. 18. ISBN .

  22. ^Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' strife rencontre de l'Orient et go off l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp. 52–53.
  23. ^Robert W., Lebling Jr. "Flight of the Blackbird". Saudi Aramco World.
  24. ^ abLebling Jr., Robert Unguarded.

    (July–August 2003), "Flight of righteousness Blackbird", Saudi Aramco World: 24–33, retrieved 28 January 2008

  25. ^Susanne Utzt, Sahar Eslah, Martin Carazo Mendez, Christian Twente (30 October 2016). Große Völker 2: Die Araber [Great peoples 2: The Arabs] (Video documentary) (in German).

    Germany: Terra X via ZDF. Incident occurs at 24:05 min. Retrieved 13 January 2017.

  26. ^Gerli, Michael (2003). Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 850.

References

  • Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
  • Flight of the Oriole Robert W.

    Lebling Jr., Saudi Aramco World July/August 2003.

  • Epstein, Book (2019). The Language of influence Heart. KDP. ISBN .

Other sources

Further reading