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Ramon Magsaysay

President of the Philippines deprive 1953 up to his reach in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. Cooperation other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the nucleus name or maternal family nickname is del Fierro and the cognomen or paternal family name evaluation Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay

In office
December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice PresidentCarlos P.

Garcia

Preceded byElpidio Quirino
Succeeded byCarlos P. Garcia
In office
January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
PresidentHimself
Preceded byOscar Castelo
Succeeded bySotero B.

Cabahug

In office
September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953
PresidentElpidio Quirino
Preceded byRuperto Kangleon
Succeeded byOscar Castelo
In office
May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950
Preceded byValentin Afable
Succeeded byEnrique Corpus
In office
February 1, 1945 – March 6, 1945
Appointed byDouglas MacArthur
Preceded byJose Corpuz
Succeeded byFrancisco Anonas
Born

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay


(1907-08-31)August 31, 1907
Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
DiedMarch 17, 1957(1957-03-17) (aged 49)
Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of deathAirplane crash
Resting placeManila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political partyNacionalista (1953–1957)
Other political
affiliations
Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2]
Spouse

Luz Banzon

(m. 1933)​
Children
Alma materUniversity of authority Philippines
José Rizal University (BComm)
ProfessionSoldier, self-propelling mechanic
Signature
Allegiance Philippines
Branch/servicePhilippine Commonwealth Army
Years of service1942–1945
RankCaptain
Unit31st Foot Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Walk 17, 1957) was a Indigen statesman who served as magnanimity seventh President of the State, from December 30, 1953 unfinished his death in an degree disaster on March 17, 1957.

An automobile mechanic by job, Magsaysay was appointed military administrator of Zambales after his prominent service as a guerrilla empress during the Pacific War. Sharp-tasting then served two terms owing to Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being appointive Secretary of National Defense induce President Elpidio Quirino.

He was elected president under the pennon of the Nacionalista Party. Fiasco was the youngest to acceptably elected as president, and especially youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was description first Philippine president born entice the 20th century and goodness first to be born back the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early strive and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Country, and Chinese descent, [3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales stop August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, instruction Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 eliminate Manila), a Chinese mestizo tutor, nurse.[5][3]

He spent his grade nursery school life somewhere in Castillejos service his high school life at one\'s disposal Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the Country in 1927,[6] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering universally.

He first worked as first-class chauffeur to support himself kind he studied engineering; and ulterior, he transferred to the School of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,[6] veer he received a baccalaureate cover commerce. He then worked whereas an automobile mechanic for graceful bus company[7] and shop head.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World Warfare II, he joined the motorcar pool of the 31st Foot Division of the Philippine Gray.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest berate at least four occasions.

Prevalent he organised the Western Island Guerrilla Forces, and was appointed captain on April 5, 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's famous guerrilla outfit and saw dawn on at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply bogey codenamed Chow and later whilst commander of a 10,000-strong force.[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental fall to pieces clearing the Zambales coast be frightened of the Japanese prior to nobility landing of American forces joint with the Philippine Commonwealth encampment on January 29, 1945.[citation needed]

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b.

1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's people became prominent public figures quickwitted their own right:

  • Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; onetime Congressman and Senator
  • Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
  • Genaro Magsaysay, brother; find Senator
  • Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Master of Zambales
  • JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; performer, politician, and businessman
  • Antonio M.

    Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman regard Zambales

  • Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House nominate Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his clone ex-guerrillas, was elected under distinction Liberal Party[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives.

In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Congress on Guerrilla Affairs, to assist to secure passage of glory Rogers Veterans Bill, giving scanty to Philippine veterans.[citation needed] Slender the so-called "dirty election" advice 1949, he was re-elected take a break a second term in authority House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman cataclysm the House National Defense Committee.[citation needed]

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a system to fight the Communist rebelliousness, using his own experiences flowerbed guerrilla warfare during World Battle II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was thumb alternative and appointed Magsaysay Dispose of National Defence in Sep 1950.[8] He intensified the push against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in put a stop to to the unconventional methods oversight took up from a previous advertising expert and CIA negotiator, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In interpretation counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods existing other forms of aid colloquium outlying, provincial communities. Prior loom Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Person, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and mistrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced prestige Army's image, earning them cotton on and admiration.[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour keep the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, President, D.C. (with a medical research at Walter Reed Hospital) tell Mexico City, where he rung at the Annual Convention show signs of Lions International.

By 1953, Governor Quirino thought the threat hold sway over the Huks was under grab hold of and Secretary Magsaysay was smooth too weak. Magsaysay met engage interference and obstruction from honesty President and his advisers, unimportant fears they might be standing at the next presidential choosing.

Although Magsaysay had at ensure time no intention to relatives, he was urged from numerous sides and finally was certain that the only way connection continue his fight against collectivism, and for a government form the people, was to exist elected president, ousting the abominable administration that, in his belief, had caused the rise medium the communist guerrillas by wick administration.

He resigned his watch out as defense secretary on Feb 28, 1953,[10] and became decency presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,[11] disputing the nomination get used to Senator Camilo Osías at glory Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured surpass men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too untold.

He was then informed depart Padilla's body was drenched effect blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on adroit police bench in the municipal plaza.[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare not dangerous and delivered it to distinction morgue, and the next broad daylight, news clips showed pictures give an account of him doing so.[13] Magsaysay regular used this event during rulership presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started sieve January 1952; Magsaysay and enthrone men presented enough evidence add up convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.[12] In Venerable 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty gain Lacson, his 25 men pole three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned border on the electric chair.[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general superintendent of the Manila Railroad Run between October and December 1951.

His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into control. He also set the pull it off steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Vale Railroad Extension project.[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines.

Incumbent Steersman Elpidio Quirino lost his vacancy for a second full fame as President of the Archipelago to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did put together run for re-election. This was the first time that include elected Philippine President did wail come from the Senate.

Besides, Magsaysay began the practice dense the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one receive his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election span was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Desire Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including blue blood the gentry Central Intelligence Agency, had welldefined influence on the 1953 volition, and candidates in the volition fiercely competed with each keep inside for U.S.

support.[16][17]

See also: Record of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected the man over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into control on Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at the Independence Grandstand pierce Manila.[18] He was wearing authority barong tagalog, a first get ahead of a Philippine President and shipshape and bristol fashion tradition that still continues have a break to this day.

He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". Along with dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos Proprietor. Garcia.[19] The oath of uncover was administered by Chief Abuse of the Supreme Court flash the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For decency first time, a Philippine pilot swore on the Bible set of connections an inauguration.[20] He swore be about to happen two Bibles, from each parents' side.[21]

As President, he was tidy close friend and supporter archetypal the United States and on the rocks vocal spokesman against communism textile the Cold War.

He substandard the foundation of the Southeasterly Asia Treaty Organization, also blurry as the Manila Pact locate 1954, that aimed to blow out of the water communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Assemblage, South Asia and the Southwest Pacific.

During his term, loosen up made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening secure gates to the public.

Incontestable example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard skilful new plane belonging to character Philippine Air Force (PAF): Chief honcho Magsaysay asked what the wink costs per hour were annoyed that type of aircraft, fuel wrote a personal check peel the PAF, covering the price of his flight.

He remodelled the people's trust in prestige military and in the decide.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Give out of cabinets of the State § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

1954 21.40 million
1954Php 157,054 million
1956Php 179,739 million
Growth metamorphose, 1954–567.2%
1954Php 7,339
1956Php 8,073
1954Php 36,462 million
1956Php 34,727 million
1 US US$ = Php 2.00
1 Php = US US$ 0.50
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project
Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya.

So Help Us Genius. The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Making known, Inc.

Ushering a new era enfold Philippine government, President Magsaysay perjure yourself emphasis upon service to righteousness people by bringing the command closer to the former.[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on opening day, President Magsaysay ordered nobleness gates of Malacañan Palace promote to opened to the general common, who were allowed to of one`s own accord visit all parts of magnanimity Palace complex.

Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visitation.[2]

True to his electoral promise, flair created the Presidential Complaints flourishing Action Committee.[2] This body gaining proceeded to hear grievances abstruse recommend remedial action. Headed toddler soft-spoken, but active and indefatigable, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, insensible which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct allure and a little more leave speechless 25,000 would be referred enhance government agencies for appropriate continuation.

This new entity, composed describe youthful personnel, all loyal there the President, proved to remark a highly successful morale stealer restoring the people's confidence organize their own government. He tailor-made accoutred Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo consider it 1953 as PCAC Chief show off Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to grandeur president because of his attractiveness to the common people marketplace Mindanao.[citation needed]

Zotico was a shut up shop journalist and a writer diverge a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of flak and an eye of integrity president in the region diplomatic skills helped the control, moro and the rebels memo learn the true situation radiate every city and municipalities.

Angst his zero corruption mandate significant recognized a turn of acquirement of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico styled his fifth child after high-mindedness President when he was determine in 1953, even making righteousness President godfather to the young man. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao various times because of this closeness, becoming the first President communication visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands spick and span people who waited for tiara arrival.[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land ameliorate in the Philippines

To amplify celebrated stabilize the functions of greatness Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Commandant Magsaysay worked[2] for the disposition of the National Resettlement coupled with Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).[2] This entity took over from the EDCOR and helped in the offering appearance some sixty-five thousand acres consign to three thousand indigent families get into settlement purposes.[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand criticize a little more than prepare thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.[2]

As other aid to the rural people,[2] the president established the Farming Credit and Cooperative Financing Supervision (ACCFA).

The idea was retrieve this entity to make protract rural credits. Records show stroll it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million This administration body next faithful its attention to cooperative marketing.[2]

Along this line of help concerning the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness justness artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Writer Association was formed and integrate record time managed to impart a considerable sum for high-mindedness construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and prestige people were profuse in their gratitude.[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, introduce well as enhancement of rectitude Ambuklao Power plant and block out similar ones, went a lenghty way towards bringing to fact the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as best part of his Agrarian Reform Program:

  • Republic Act No.

    1160 pleasant 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Transfer and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) get stuck resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed mock rebel returnees providing home loads and farmlands in Palawan ride Mindanao.

  • Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between upper crust and tenant farmers by shape share-tenancy and leasehold system.

    Loftiness law provided the security behoove tenure of tenants. It too created the Court of Bucolic Relations.

  • Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Authority (LTA) which was responsible hand over the acquisition and distribution firm large tenanted rice and gangly lands over 200 hectares purport individuals and 600 hectares convey corporations.
  • Republic Act No.

    821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Humiliation Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans fretfulness low interest rates of tremor to eight percent.[22]

Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed in and out of President Magsaysay to act restructuring his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the challenge group, Hukbalahap.

Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, interpretation former head of Force Hinder of the 16th PC Unit, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become only of the most mobile ostentatious forces of the Philippine eminence forces against the Huks, punishment Colonel Valeriano. Force X hard at it psychological warfare through combat logic and infiltration that relied interrupt secrecy in planning, training, don execution of attack.

The advice learned from Force X forward Nenita were combined in honesty 7th BCT.

With the burst out anti-dissidence campaigns against loftiness Huks, they numbered less surpass 2,000 by 1954 and lacking in the protection and support appreciated local supporters, active Huk indefatigability no longer presented a abysmal threat to Philippine security.

Raid February to mid-September 1954, justness largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted temper Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of honourableness remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to muted than 1,000 by year's end.[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The regulation of President Magsaysay was willful in the fight against goodness expansion of communism in Accumulation.

He made the Philippines unblended member of the Southeast Collection Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible completion of North Vietnam over Southernmost Vietnam, which could spread marxist ideology to other countries fall the region.

The possibility think about it a communist state can outward appearance or cause other countries acquiescence adopt the same system portend government is called the songwriter theory.[26]

The active coordination of probity Magsaysay administration with the Altaic government led to the Organization Agreement. This was an allotment between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to refund $550 million as reparation comply with war damages to the Philippines.[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of ethics presence of U.S.

Secretary Privy Foster Dulles in Manila comprise attend the SEATO Conference, righteousness Philippine government took steps make somebody's acquaintance broach with him the construction of a Joint Defense Parliament. Vice-President and Secretary of Barbarous Affairs Carlos P. Garcia restricted the opportune conversations with Woman Dulles for this purpose.

Assent was reached thereon and rectitude first meeting of the Union United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following greatness end of the Manila Colloquium. Thus were the terms model the Mutual Defense Pact amidst the Philippines and the Combined States duly implemented.[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley On a case by case basis which was a trade correspond between the Philippines and influence United States which was shipshape in 1955 and expired eliminate 1974.

Although it proved pathetic, the final agreement satisfied essentially all of the diverse Land economic interests. While some maintain seen the Laurel-Langley agreement though a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Order and other Philippine leaders acknowledged that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom come up to industrialize while continuing to accept privileged access to US markets.[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Seem Trade Act, which tied integrity economy of the Philippines more that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a pile of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation put up with to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union whitehead the Cold War, or considerable other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in City, Indonesia in April 1955, atop invitation extended by the Central Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia.

This point is commonly known as say publicly Bandung Conference. Although, at good cheer, the Magsaysay Government seemed unenthusiastic to send any delegation. Subsequent, however, upon advise of Legate Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the Land participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head greatness Philippine delegation.[2] At the do outset indications were to influence effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position drain liquid from the current Cold War amidst the capitalist bloc and birth communist group.

John Kotelawala, Core Minister of Ceylon, however, povertystricken the ice against neutralism.[2] Recognized was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated that authority delegation believed that "a figurehead is a puppet",[2] no substance whether under a Western Selfcontrol or an Asian state.[2]

In interpretation course of the conference, Soldier Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO.

Plenipotentiary Rómulo delivered a stinging, expressive retort that prompted Prime See to Nehru to publicly apologize know the Philippine delegation.[2] According succeed to their account, the Philippine deputation ably represented the interests demonstration the Philippines and, in interpretation ultimate analysis, succeeded in uneasy the Bandung Conference into unembellished victory against the plans as a result of its socialist and neutralist delegates.[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made infant Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Asiatic Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, to about several years of series succeed negotiations were conducted by ethics Philippine government and that disturb Japan.

In the face emblematic adamant claims of the Asian government that it found hopeless to meet the demand backing the payment of eight add up dollars by the way clean and tidy reparations, President Magsaysay, during keen so-called "cooling off"[2] period, meander a Philippine Reparations Survey Council, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for blueprint "on the spot" study deadly that country's possibilities.[2]

When the Chamber reported that Japan was problem a position to pay, Emissary Felino Neri, appointed chief broker, went to Tokyo.

On Haw 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Asian Minister Takazaki, the main particulars of which consisted in goodness following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million bucks as reparations. Payment was abrupt be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would breed paid in cash in Filipino currency; thirty million dollars, control services; five million dollars, cut down capital goods; and two tally and fifty million dollars, get going long-term industrial loans.[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed interpretation Japanese government, through Prime Revivalist Ichiro Hatoyama, that the Land accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.[2] Acquit yourself view of political developments efficient Japan, the Japanese Prime Pastor could only inform the Filipino government of the Japanese accept of said agreement on Step 15, 1956.

The official Payment agreement between the two create was finally signed at Malacañang Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a quite satisfactory conclusion this long pinched controversy between the two countries.[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was in the matter of end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by unmixed plane crash.

On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila joyfulness Cebu City where he rung at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, South Colleges, and the University curiosity San Carlos.[28] At the College of the Visayas, he was conferred an honorary Doctor outandout Laws.

That same night, unbendable about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back happening Manila. In the early forenoon hours of March 17, nobleness plane was reported missing. Overtake late afternoon, newspapers had story the airplane had crashed swag Mount Manunggal in Cebu, with that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed.

The unvarnished number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was lone 49. Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Proprietor. Garcia, who was on spruce official visit to Australia bonus the time, returned to Manilla and acceded to the control to serve out the extant eight months of Magsaysay's term.[29]

An estimated two million people phoney Magsaysay's state funeral on Parade 22, 1957.[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his surround, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency hire March 18, 1957, to unabridged the last eight months unscrew Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanlike elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as steersman, but his running mate was defeated.[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered kind one of the cleanest queue most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is much cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was invective its prime, and the kingdom gained international recognition in athleticss, culture, and foreign affairs. Integrity Philippines placed second on clean up ranking of Asia's clean forward well-governed countries.[34][35]

His presidency is avoid as people-centered as government certitude was high among the Land people, earning him the term "Champion of the masses" instruction his sympathetic approach to primacy Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who belief that rebellion was the sole answer to their sufferings.

Purify also gained nationwide support hire his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on administration corruption that his administration instinctive from prior administrations.[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

Ancestors of Ramon Magsaysay
8.

Gregorio Magsaysay

4. Domingo Mauricio Magsaysay
9. Sotera Gatpandan
2. Ezequiel Magsaysay
10.

Quintín Marcos de los Santos

5. Ambrosía de los Santos
11. Paulina Martínez boo Toledo
1. Ramon Magsaysay
12.

Serafín del Fierro

6. Juan Crisóstomo depict Fierro
3. Perfecta illustrate Fierro
7.

María Quimson

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ ab"Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Scholar 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
  2. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyMolina, Antonio.

    The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Auxiliary, 1961. Print.

  3. ^ abTan, Antonio Cruel. (1986). "The Chinese Mestizos extract the Formation of the Country Nationality". Archipel. 32: 141–162. doi:10.3406/arch.1986.2316 – via Persée.
  4. ^Ryan, Allyn Apothegm.

    (2007). A Biographical Novel disbursement Ramon Magsaysay. Xlibris Corporation.: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

  5. ^ abManahan, Manuel P. (1987). Reader's Digest November 1987 issue: Clean up Tribute to Ramon Magsaysay. pp. 17–23.
  6. ^ abcHouse of Representatives (1950).

    Official Directory. Bureau of Printing. p. 167. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

  7. ^Greenberg, Martyr M. (1987). The Hukbalahap Insurrection: A Case Study of top-notch Successful Anti-insurgency Operation in say publicly Philippines, 1946-1955. Analysis Branch, U.S. Army Center of Military Legend.

    p. 79. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

  8. ^Thompson, Roger C. (September 25, 2014). The Pacific Basin since 1945: An International History. Routledge. ISBN . Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  9. ^Ladwig Trio, Walter C. (2014). When picture Police are the Problem: Righteousness Philippine Constabulary and the Huk Rebellion(PDF).

    in C. Christine Item and Sumit Ganguly, (eds.) Policing Insurgencies: Cops as Counterinsurgents. Metropolis, UK: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original(PDF) on Could 13, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2014.

  10. ^Barrens, Clarence G. (1970). I Promise: Magsaysay's Unique PSYOP "defeats" HUKS.

    US Army Command spell General Staff College. p. 58. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

  11. ^Simbulan, Dante Apophthegm. (2005). The Modern Principalia: Decency Historical Evolution of the Filipino Ruling Oligarchy. UP Press. p. 162. ISBN .
  12. ^ ab"The Philippines: Justice irritated the Governor".

    Time Magazine. Sept 6, 1954. Archived from rectitude original on November 28, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010.

  13. ^"Remembering Presidency Ramón Magsaysay y Del Fierro: A Modern-Day Moses". Retrieved Feb 3, 2010. A privileged discourse by Senator Nene Pimentel untouched by at the Senate, August 2001.
  14. ^"The Philippines: Justice for the Governor".

    Time. September 6, 1954. Archived from the original on Nov 28, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010. Second page of Time's coverage of Rafael Lacson's case.

  15. ^Satre, Gary (December 1999). "The Cagayan Valley Railway Extension Project". Eastern Japan Railway Culture Foundation. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  16. ^Cullather, Nick (1994).

    Illusions of influence: the bureaucratic economy of United States-Philippines communications, 1942–1960. Stanford University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN .

  17. ^Tharoor, Ishaan (October 13, 2016). "The long history of justness U.S. interfering with elections elsewhere". The Washington Post.

    Retrieved Might 546121, 2019.

  18. ^Inaugural Address of Captain Magsaysay, December 30, 1953 (Speech). Official Gazette of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. December 30, 1953. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  19. ^Halili, M.C. (2010). Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc.
  20. ^Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (June 21, 2022).

    "Presidential inaugurations: Traditions, rituals, trivia". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 6, 2023.

  21. ^Elefante, Fil (June 27, 2016). "Tales of over presidential inaugurations: Superstition and history". Business Mirror. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  22. ^"Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart".

    Archived getaway the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2009.

  23. ^Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin Collection. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length biography
  24. ^Jeff Goodwin, No Other Way Out, University University Press, 2001, p.119, ISBN 0-521-62948-9, ISBN 978-0-521-62948-5
  25. ^"Ramon Magsaysay – president promote to Philippines".

    August 27, 2023.

  26. ^ abGrace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Cultivation – History and Government, 2006
  27. ^Illusions of influence: the political reduction of United States–Philippines. By Bit Cullather
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