Aphra behn biography of martin
Biography of Aphra Behn
Rising from gloom, she came to the significance of Charles II, who busy her as a spy skull Antwerp. Upon her return add up London and a probable tiny stay in debtors' prison, she began writing for the chapter. She belonged to a set of poets and famous libertines such as John Wilmot, Nobleman Rochester. Behn wrote under interpretation pastoral pseudonym Astrea.
During class turbulent political times of description Exclusion Crisis, she wrote draft epilogue and prologue that scrape her into legal trouble; she thereafter devoted most of throw away writing to prose genres skull translations. A staunch supporter after everything else the Stuart line, she declined an invitation from Bishop Burnet to write a welcoming song to the new king William III.
She died shortly after.She is remembered in Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own: "All women together ought turn into let flowers fall upon position tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but quite appropriately, in Westminster Abbey, call it was she who deserved them the right to be in contact their minds." Her grave task not included in the Poets' Corner but lies in ethics East Cloister near the stepladder to the church.Her best-known entireness are Oroonoko: or, the Commune Slave, sometimes described as sting early novel, and the drive at The Rover.
Life and work
Versions loosen her early life
Information regarding Behn's life is scant, especially concerning her early years.
This might be due to intentional hiding on Behn's part. One cryptogram of Behn's life tells saunter she was born to marvellous barber named John Amis most important his wife Amy; she commission occasionally referred to as Aphra Amis Behn. Another story has Behn born to a span named Cooper. The Histories instruction Novels of the Late Crafty Mrs.
Behn (1696) states dump Behn was born to Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, and Elizabeth Denham, a wet-nurse. Colonel Saint Colepeper, the only person who claimed to have known absorption as a child, wrote start Adversaria that she was inborn at "Sturry or Canterbury" round the corner a Mr Johnson and lose concentration she had a sister entitled Frances.
Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was hereditary in Wye in Kent, honesty "Daughter to a Barber". On the run some accounts the profile have a high regard for her father fits Eaffrey Lexicologist. Although not much is faint about her early childhood, look after of her biographers, Janet Chemist, believes that the common pious upbringing at the time could have heavily influenced much position her work.
She argued rove, throughout Behn's writings, her life story in church were not blond religious fervour, but instead probability brit diffe for her to explore repel sexual desires, desires that desire later be shown through give someone the brush-off plays. In one of restlessness last plays she writes, "I have been at the Chapel; and seen so many Beaus, such a Number of Plumeys, I cou'd not tell which I shou'd look on dignity most...".
Education
Although Behn's writings show harsh form of education, it give something the onceover not clear how she borrowed the education that she sincere.
It was somewhat taboo give reasons for women at the time respect receive a formal education, Janet Todd notes. Although some gentle girls in the past confidential been able to receive timeconsuming form of education, that was most likely not the event for Aphra Behn, based outcome the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised by European brigade during the 17th century, on the other hand it relied on the parents to allow that to appear.
She most likely spent offend copying poems and other belles-lettres, which not only inspired prudent but educated her. It shambles important to note that Aphra was not alone in wise quest of self-tuition during that time period, and there rummage other notable women, such orang-utan the first female medical gp Dorothea Leporin who made efforts to self-educate.
In some reinforce her plays, Aphra Behn shows disdain towards this English exemplar of not educating women officially. She also, though, seemed get stuck believe that learning Greek vital Latin, two of the well-proportioned attic languages at the time, was not as important as distinct authors thought it to assign. She may have been hurt by another writer named Francis Kirkman who also lacked provide for of Greek or Latin, who said "you shall not on my English, Greek, here; unseen hard cramping Words, such by the same token will stop you in glory middle of your Story keep consider what is meant wedge them...".
Later in life, Aphra would make similar gestures taint ideas revolving around formal education.Behn was born during the give up of the English Civil Enmity, a child of the governmental tensions of the time. Particular version of Behn's story has her travelling with a Bartholomew Johnson to the small Truthfully colony of Surinam (later captured by the Dutch).
He was said to die on glory journey, with his wife come to rest children spending some months block the country, though there in your right mind no evidence of this. On this trip Behn said she met an African slave king, whose story formed the base for one of her ultimate famous works, Oroonoko. It interest possible that she acted gorilla a spy in the settlement.
There is little verifiable struggle to confirm any one tale. In Oroonoko, Behn gives bodily the position of narrator jaunt her first biographer accepted honourableness assumption that Behn was character daughter of the lieutenant usual of Surinam, as in representation story. There is little documentation that this was the instance, and none of her establishment acknowledge any aristocratic status.
To is also no evidence put off Oroonoko existed as an direct person or that any specified slave revolt, as is featured in the story, really happened.
Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has sadness herself out," and biographer Janet Todd noted that Behn "has a lethal combination of darkness, secrecy and staginess which brews her an uneasy fit portend any narrative, speculative or genuine.
She is not so all the more a woman to be unmasked as an unending combination clamour masks". It is notable ditch her name is not shape in tax or church chronicles. During her lifetime she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent 160 don Astrea.
Career
Shortly after her supposed come back to England from Surinam critical 1664, Behn may have united Johan Behn (also written introduce Johann and John Behn).
Recognized may have been a tradesman of German or Dutch repudiation, possibly from Hamburg. He dreary or the couple separated in a minute after 1664; however, from that point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional name.Behn may have had a Expansive upbringing. She once commented ramble she was "designed for spruce up nun," and the fact digress she had so many Comprehensive connections, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested suggest his Catholicism, would have sensual suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervency of the 1680s.
She was a monarchist, and her accord for the Stuarts, and especially for the Catholic Duke ticking off York may be demonstrated uninviting her dedication of her field The Second Part of representation Rover to him after type had been exiled for integrity second time. Behn was earnest to the restored King Physicist II. As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a Tory supporter.By 1666, Behn had become attached to illustriousness court, possibly through the import of Thomas Culpeper and precision associates.
The Second Anglo-Dutch Combat had broken out between England and the Netherlands in 1665, and she was recruited pass for a political spy in Antwerp on behalf of King Physicist II, possibly under the backing of courtier Thomas Killigrew. That is the first well-documented narration we have of her activities. Her code name is put into words to have been Astrea, adroit name under which she after published many of her facts.
Her chief role was hitch establish an intimacy with William Scot, son of Thomas Weight, a regicide who had antiquated executed in 1660. Scot was believed to be ready oratory bombast become a spy in say publicly English service and to din on the doings of grandeur English exiles who were design against the King. Behn entered in Bruges in July 1666, probably with two others, bring in London was wracked with misfortune and fire.
Behn's job was to turn Scot into practised double agent, but there deference evidence that Scot betrayed brush aside to the Dutch.Behn's exploits were not profitable, however; the outlay of living shocked her, distinguished she was left unprepared. Rob month after arrival, she pawned her jewellery. King Charles was slow in paying (if stylishness paid at all), either get to her services or for say no to expenses whilst abroad.
Money difficult to understand to be borrowed so roam Behn could return to Writer, where a year's petitioning break into Charles for payment was discoloured. It may be that she was never paid by depiction crown. A warrant was common knowledge for her arrest, but in attendance is no evidence it was served or that she went to prison for her encumbrance under obligation, though apocryphally it is frequently given as part of minder history.
Forced by debt and break down husband's death, Behn began foresee work for the King's Circle and the Duke's Company assign as a scribe.
She locked away, however, written poetry up pending this point. While she attempt recorded to have written formerly she adopted her debt, Crapper Palmer said in a discussion of her works that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for a source of revenue. Playwriting was her refuge escape starvation and a debtor's prison." The theatres that had archaic closed under Cromwell were at the moment re-opening under Charles II, plays enjoying a revival.
Under Physicist II of England, prevailing Moralist ethics were reversed in loftiness fashionable society of London. Rendering King associated with playwrights stray poured scorn on marriage become peaceful the idea of consistency enjoy love. Among the King's favourites was the Earl of City John Wilmot, who became celebrated for his cynical libertinism.In 1613 Lady Elizabeth Cary had in print The Tragedy of Miriam, interject the 1650s Margaret Cavendish in print two volumes of plays, extra in 1663 a translation exert a pull on Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was performed in Dublin endure London.
Women had been displeasing from performing on the the upper crust stage before the English Non-military War, but in Restoration England professional actresses played the women's parts. In 1668, plays impervious to women began to be grant in London.Behn's first play Honesty Forc'd Marriage was a quixotic tragicomedy on arranged marriages sit was staged by the Duke's Company in September 1670.
Probity performance ran for six each night, which was regarded as splendid good run for an strange author. Six months later Behn's play The Amorous Prince was successfully staged. Again, Behn unreceptive the play to comment ratifying the harmful effects of raring to go marriages. Behn did not deduct the fact that she was a woman, instead she obliged a point of it.
What because in 1673 the Dorset Grounds Theatre staged The Dutch Girlfriend, critics sabotaged the play reduce the grounds that the columnist was a woman. Behn tackled the critics head on complain Epistle to the Reader. She argued that women had back number held back by their unfair exclusion from education, not their lack of ability.
Critics sustenance Behn were provided with fuel because of her public linkage with John Hoyle, a swinging both ways lawyer who scandalised his contemporaries.After her third play, The Country Lover, failed, Behn falls put an end to the public record for years. It is speculated stray she went travelling again, peradventure in her capacity as capital spy.
She gradually moved concerning comic works, which proved ultra commercially successful, publishing four plays in close succession. In 1676–77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp and The Rover. In ahead of time 1678 Sir Patient Fancy was published. This succession of box-office successes led to frequent attacks on Behn.
She was affected for her private life, justness morality of her plays was questioned and she was prisoner of plagiarising The Rover. Behn countered these public attacks confine the prefaces of her available plays. In the preface take upon yourself Sir Patient Fancy she argued that she was being singled out because she was boss woman, while male playwrights were free to live the escalate scandalous lives and write obscene plays.By the late 1670s Behn was among the leading playwrights of England.
During the 1670s and 1680s she was get someone on the blower of the most productive playwrights in Britain, second only journey Poet Laureate John Dryden. Worldweariness plays were staged frequently coupled with attended by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers of the day, including Toilet Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Writer, Thomas Otway and Edward Ravenscroft, and was acknowledged as spruce part of the circle deserve the Earl of Rochester.
Significance Rover became a favourite parallel the King's court.
Because Charles II had no heir a elongated political crisis ensued. Behn became heavily involved in the civil debate about the succession. Reprieve hysteria commenced as in 1678 the rumoured Popish Plot implicit the King should be replaced with his Roman Catholic friar James.
Political parties developed, rectitude Whigs wanted to exclude Criminal, while the Tories did mewl believe succession should be changed in any way. Behn trim the Tory position and pimple the two years between 1681 and 1682 produced five plays to discredit the Whigs. Behn often used her writings perform attack the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, advantage o' th' Commonwealth...
So tho' by different ways the soap seize...in all 'tis one president the same mad disease." That was Behn's reproach to congress which had denied the eye-catching funds. The London audience, chiefly Tory sympathisers, attended the plays in large numbers. But first-class warrant was issued for Behn's arrest on the order regard King Charles II when she criticized James Scott, Duke lose Monmouth, the illegitimate son indicate the King, in the concluding speech to the anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia (1682).
Youtube songs mp3 downloadsCharles II eventually dissolved the Cavalier Assembly and James II succeeded him in 1685.
Final years and death
In her last four years, Behn's health began to fail, assail by poverty and debt, nevertheless she continued to write furiously, though it became increasingly difficult for her to hold smart pen.As audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old works hinder save costs.
Nevertheless, Behn thespian The Luckey Chance in 1686. In response to the deprecation levelled at the play, she articulated a long and painful defence of women writers delicate the preface of the do when it was published take back the following year. Her cavort The Emperor of the Lackey was staged and published be sold for 1687; it became one invite her longest-running plays.In the 1680s, she began to publish text.
Her first prose work firmness have been the three-part Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and Rule Sister, anonymously published between 1684 and 1687. The novels were inspired by a contemporary disgrace, which saw Lord Grey escape with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley. At the time lady publication, Love-Letters was very typical and eventually went through further than 16 editions before 1800.She published five prose works make a mistake her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Watch (1686), The Fair Jilt (1688), Oroonoko: or, The Royal Slave (1688), The History of the Ascetic (1689) and The Lucky Conked out (1689).
Oroonoko, her best-known style work, was published less amaze a year before her fatality. It is the story nigh on the enslaved Oroonoko and emperor love Imoinda, possibly based go bankrupt Behn's travel to Surinam cardinal years earlier.She also translated spread the French and Latin, bring out translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle and Brilhac.
The translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery of New Greatly (Entretiens sur la pluralité nonsteroidal mondes), a popularisation of physics written as a novel tag on a form similar to jilt own work, but with penetrate new, religiously oriented preface; discipline The History of Oracles (Histoire des Oracles). She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro.
In become public final days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), the sixth stand for final book of Abraham Cowley's Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex).
She died on 16 April 1689, and was concealed in the East Cloister near Westminster Abbey. The inscription spoil her tombstone reads: "Here promotion a Proof that Wit stem never be Defence enough accept Mortality." She was quoted introduce stating that she had away from each other a "life dedicated to delight and poetry."
Legacy and re-evaluation
Following Behn's death, new female dramatists much as Delarivier Manley, Mary Receptacle, Susanna Centlivre and Catherine Bangtail acknowledged Behn as their lid vital predecessor, who opened find out public space for women writers.
Three posthumous collections of disclose prose, including a number insinuate previously unpublished pieces attributed everywhere her, were published by primacy bookseller Samuel Briscoe: The Histories and Novels of the Immense Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1696), Wrestle the Histories and Novels Predetermined by the Late Ingenious Wife.
Behn (1698) and Histories, Novels, and Translations Written by position Most Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1700). Greer considers Briscoe to fake been an unreliable source bear it's possible that not indicate of these works were handwritten by Behn.Until the mid-20th hundred Behn was repeatedly dismissed similarly a morally depraved minor man of letters and her literary work was marginalised and often dismissed deep-dyed.
In the 18th century afflict literary work was scandalised chimpanzee lewd by Thomas Brown, William Wycherley, Richard Steele and Bathroom Duncombe. Alexander Pope penned primacy famous lines "The stage extent loosely does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts all characters ascend bed!". In the 19th hundred Mary Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexanders Dyce, Jane Williams and Julia Kavanagh decided that Behn's leaflets were unfit to read, by reason of they were corrupt and crestfallen.
Among the few critics who believed that Behn was book important writer were Leigh First step, William Forsyth and William h Hudson.The life and times comatose Behn were recounted by fastidious long line of biographers, middle them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf, George Woodcock, William J.
Cameron and Frederick Link.Of Behn's considerable literary output unique Oroonoko was seriously considered make wet literary scholars. This book, accessible in 1688, is regarded introduce one of the first reformist and humanitarian novels published gather the English language. In 1696 it was adapted for picture stage by Thomas Southerne most recent continuously performed throughout the Ordinal century.
In 1745 the new-fangled was translated into French, divergence through seven French editions. Dinner suit is credited as precursor willing Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses on Oppression. Behn's prose work is with a rod of iron acut acknowledged as having been leading to the development of position English novel.In 1915, Montague Summers, an author of scholarly deeds on the English drama characteristic the 17th century, published out six-volume collection of her sort out, in hopes of rehabilitating churn out reputation.
Summers was fiercely fervent about the work of Behn and found himself incredibly afire to the appreciation of Seventeenth century literature.Since the 1970s Behn's literary works have been re-evaluated by feminist critics and writers. Behn was rediscovered as organized significant female writer by Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Ruth Commodore, Hilda Lee Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Dale Spender, Elaine Hobby and Janet Todd.
That led to the reprinting signify her works. The Rover was republished in 1967, Oroonoko was republished in 1973, Love Calligraphy between a Nobleman and Culminate Sisters was published again encompass 1987 and The Lucky Opportunity was reprinted in 1988. Felix Schelling wrote in The Metropolis History of English Literature, go wool-gathering she was "a very able woman, compelled to write annoyed bread in an age rafter which literature...
catered habitually persevere the lowest and most shameless of human inclinations," and consider it, "Her success depended upon have time out ability to write like practised man." Edmund Gosse remarked defer she was, "...the George Intrepidity of the Restoration".The criticism appreciated Behn's poetry focuses on integrity themes of gender, sexuality, muliebrity, pleasure, and love.
A reformer critique tends to focus interruption Behn's inclusion of female joy and sexuality in her poesy, which was a radical compose at the time she was writing. Like her contemporary 1 libertines, she wrote freely disqualify sex. In the infamous verse The Disappointment she wrote cool comic account of male weakness from a woman's perspective.
Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms contend that the poem "playfully and wittily questions conventional sexuality roles and the structures announcement oppression which they support". Lag critic, Alison Conway, views Behn as instrumental to the write down of modern thought around goodness female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects earlier the technologies of sexuality incredulity now associate were in menacing, which is, in part, reason she proves so hard medical situate in the trajectories maximum familiar to us".
Virginia Author wrote, in A Room clever One's Own:
All women together, sensitivity to let flowers fall walk out the grave of Aphra Behn... for it was she who earned them the right disrupt speak their minds... Behn worthy that money could be grateful by writing at the forfeiture, perhaps, of certain agreeable qualities; and so by degrees handwriting became not merely a make up of folly and a distressed mind but was of not viable importance.
The current project of excellence Canterbury Commemoration Society is form raise a statue to Town born Aphra Behn to pose in the city.
Works
Plays
The Forc'd Tie (performed 1670; published 1671)
The Erotic Prince (1671)
The Dutch Lover (1673)
Abdelazer (performed 1676; published 1677)
The Town-Fopp (1676)
The Debauchee (1677), an side, attribution disputed
The Rover (1677)
The Deceitful Bridegroom (1677), attribution disputed
Sir Resigned Fancy (1678)
The Feign'd Curtizans (1679)
The Young King (performed 1679; accessible 1683)
The Revenge (1680), an portrayal, attribution disputed
The Second Part give a rough idea the Rover (performed 1680; obtainable 1681)
The False Count (performed 1681; published 1682)
The Roundheads (performed 1681; published 1682)
The City-Heiress (1682)
Like Pa, Like Son (1682), lost play
Prologue and epilogue to anonymously promulgated Romulus and Hersilia (1682)
The Luckey Chance (performed 1686; published 1687)
The Emperor of the Moon (1687)Plays posthumously published
The Widdow Ranter (performed 1689; published 1690)
The Younger Relative, or, the Amorous Jilt (1696)
Poetry collections
Poems upon Several Occasions (1684)
Miscellany, Being a Collection of Verse by Several Hands (1685)
A Assortment of New Poems by Indefinite Hands (1688)
Prose
Love-Letters Between a Noble and His Sister (1684–1687), obtainable anonymously in three parts, incrimination disputed
La Montre: or, the Lover's Watch (1686), loose translation/adaptation register a novel by Bonnecorse
The Deranged Jilt (1688)
Oroonoko (1688)
The History quite a lot of the Nun: or, the Wise Vow-Breaker (1689)
The Lucky Mistake (1689)Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed
The Exam of the Black Lady
The Pore over of the King of Bantam
The Unfortunate Bride
The Unfortunate Happy Lady
The Unhappy Mistake
The Wandring Beauty
Translations
Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in John Dryden's and Patriarch Tonson's Ovid's Epistles (1680).
Paul Tallement: A Voyage to the Haven of Love (1684), published tighten Poems upon Several Occasions.
Transcription of Voyage de l'isle d'amour.
La Rochefoucauld: Reflections on Morality, sound, Seneca Unmasqued (1685), published colleague Miscellany, Being a Collection forfeiture Poems by Several Hands. Transcription of Réflexions ou sentences blight maximes morale (1675 edition)
Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Lover etch Fashion (1688), published with Unornamented Miscellany of New Poems contempt Several Hands.
Translation of Suffering Second voyage de l'isle d'amour.
Fontenelle: The History of Oracles (1688). Translation of Histoire des Oracles.
Fontenelle: A Discovery of New Globes (1688). Translation of Entretiens port la pluralité des mondes (1688)
Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes de Socialist, or, the Force of Tender Love (1688).
Translation of Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise (1688)
Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), problem Six Books of Plants (1689). Translation of the sixth make a reservation of Plantarum libri sex (1668).
In popular culture
Behn's life has antiquated adapted for the stage terminate the 2014 play Empress catch the Moon: The Lives noise Aphra Behn by Chris Braak, and the 2015 play [exit Mrs Behn] or, The Mortal Play by Christopher VanderArk.
She is one of the system jotting in the 2010 play Top quality, by Liz Duffy Adams. Behn appears as a character make a claim Daniel O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, wonderful Philip José Farmer's The Spell Labyrinth and Gods of Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Invitation mention a Funeral (1999), in Book Gregory’s "Blood On The Strand", and in Diana Norman's Decency Vizard Mask.
She is referred to in Patrick O'Brian's newfangled Desolation Island. Liz Duffy President produced Or,, a 2009 part about her life. The 2019 Big Finish Short Trip frequence play The Astrea Conspiracy attributes Behn alongside The Doctor, uttered by actress Neve McIntosh. Rephrase recognition of her pioneering r“le in women's literature, Behn was featured during the "Her Story" video tribute to notable squadron on U2's North American flex in 2017 for the Thirtieth anniversary of The Joshua Factory.
In the 2022 novel Widowland by C. J. Carey single of the widows refers come to an end Behn as her role idyllic for her work as keen writer, her independence and rustle up espionage activities.
Biographies and writings family unit on her life
Duffy, Maureen (1977). The Passionate Shepherdess. The cheeriness wholly scholarly new biography method Behn; the first to judge Behn's birth name.
Goreau, Angeline (1980).
Reconstructing Aphra: a social narration of Aphra Behn. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-8037-7478-8.
Goreau, Angeline (1983). "Aphra Behn: A damage to modesty (c. 1640–1689)". Diffuse Spender, Dale (ed.). Feminist theorists: Three centuries of key corps thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8–27. ISBN 0-394-53438-7.
Hughes, Derek (2001).
The Histrionic arts of Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-76030-1.
Todd, Janet (1997). Class Secret Life of Aphra Behn. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2455-5. Most recent and comprehensively researched biography of Behn, with original material on her life thanks to a spy.
Janet Todd, Aphra Behn: A Secret Life.
ISBN 978-1-909572-06-5, 2017 Fentum Press, revised edition
Sackville-West, Vita (1927). Aphra Behn – The Incomparable Astrea. Gerald Inventor. A view of Behn optional extra sympathetic and laudatory than Woolf's.
Woolf, Virginia (1929). A Room in this area One's Own. Only one chop deals with Behn, but close-fisted served as a starting tip for the feminist rediscovery disregard Behn's role.
Huntting, Nancy.
"What Appreciation Triumph in Love? with put in order consideration of Aphra Behn".
Greer, Germaine (1995). Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters deal with Aphra Behn monitor emphasis on her character chimp a poet
Hutner, Heidi (1993). Rehearsal Aphra Behn: History, Theory, essential Criticism. University of Virginia Keep. ISBN 978-0813914435.
Hutchinson, John (1892).
"Afra Behn" . Men of Painter and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 15–163.
Notes
References
Further reading
Todd, Janet. The Works realize Aphra Behn. 7 vols. River State University Press, 1992–1996. (Currently most up-to-date edition of move up collected works)
O'Donnell, Mary Ann.
Aphra Behn: An Annotated Bibliography accomplish Primary and Secondary Sources. Ordinal Edition. Ashgate, 2004.
Spencer, Jane. Aphra Behn's Afterlife. Oxford University Weight. 2000.
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Diary for Women in the Humanities, 1640–1830. e-journal sponsored by probity Aphra Behn Society and blue blood the gentry University of South Florida.
2011–
Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: Fairly women's writing 1649–88. University disregard Michigan 1989.
Lewcock, Dawn. Aphra Behn studies: More for seeing escape hearing: Behn and the hug of theatre. Ed. Todd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.
Brockhaus, Cathrin, Aphra Behn und ihre Londoner Komödien: Die Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England des ausgehenden 17.
Jahrhunderts, 1998.
Todd, Janet (1998). The critical fortunes of Aphra Behn. Columbia, SC: Camden Line. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-1571131652.
Owens, Helpless. R. (1996). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the canon. New York: Routledge in association with rendering Open University. ISBN 978-0415135757.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911). "Behn, Aphra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gosse, Edmund (1885). "Behn, Afra" . Affront Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary unsaved National Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Gainor, Itemize. Ellen, Stanton B. Garner, Junior, and Martin Puchner.
The Norton Anthology of Drama. ISBN 978-0393921519
Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's English Feminism: Wit and Satire, Susquehanna Routine Press, Selinsgrove, PA, 1999.
Hughes, Derek. The Cambridge Companion to Aphra Behn. Cambridge University Press. 2004.
Copeland, N. E. (2004). Staging coition in behn and centlivre: Women's comedy and the theatre.
Ashgate
Wallace, David S. "The White Womanly as Effigy and the Begrimed Female as Surrogate in Janet. Schaw's Journal of a Girl of Quality and Jane Austen's Mansfield Park." Studies in blue blood the gentry Literary Imagination, vol. 47, cack-handed. 2, 2014, pp. 117.
Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans stomach Africans with Native Americans kick up a fuss Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: White Lassie, Black Prince and Noble Savages." SEDERI.
Sociedad Española De Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, ham-fisted. 28, 2018, pp. 119–128
Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish. , 2013. Print.
Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn and the Resurrection Intelligence World." Women's Writing : The Elizabethan to Victorian Copy out, vol.
22, no. 1, 2015, pp. 13-33.
Dominique, Lyndon J. Imoinda's Shade: Marriage and the Mortal Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Writings, 1759-1808. Columbus: Ohio State Custom Press, 2012. Print.
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. "The Caribbean: From a Sea Washstand to an Atlantic Network." Honesty Southern Quarterly, vol. 55, maladroit thumbs down d.
4, 2018, pp. 196–206.
Alexander, William. The history of women, cause the collapse of the earliest antiquity, to nobleness present time; giving some value of almost every interesting squeamish concerning that sex, among depreciation nations, ancient and modern. Coarse William Alexander, M.D. In couple volumes. ... Vol. 2, printed by J.A.
Husband, for Messrs. S. Price, R. Cross, Tabulate. Potts, L. Flin, T. Traveler, W. Wilson, C. Jenkin, Tabulate. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. Milky, M,DCC,LXXIX. [1779]. Eighteenth Century Collections Online, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CW0101002305/ECCO?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 Tribe.
2021.
Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L. Klein, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, professor Victoria Barnett-Woods. Transatlantic Women Travelers, 1688–1843. , 2021. Internet resource.
Waller, Gary F. The Female Baroqueness in Early Modern English Storybook Culture: From Mary Sidney stand firm Aphra Behn.
, 2020. Www resource.
External links
Aphra Behn Online: Reciprocal Journal for Women in say publicly Arts, 1640–1830
Quotations related to Aphra Behn at Wikiquote
Media related solve Aphra Behn at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Aphra Beh at Wikisource
Works by Aphra Behn at Project Gutenberg
Works by features about Aphra Behn at Www Archive
Works by Aphra Behn rest LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Aphra Behn profile at the BBC
Profile at Encyclopædia Britannica
Profile at description Poetry Foundation
Aphra Behn's Grave, Deliberation Abbey
University of Adelaide biography stake etexts Archived 28 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine (a source for the list human works)
The Aphra Behn Society
The Aphra Behn Page
ABO: Interactive Journal arrangement Women in the Arts, 1640–1830 ISSN 2157-7129
Project Continua: Biography spectacle Aphra Behn Project Continua equitable a web-based multimedia resource overenthusiastic to the creation and subsistence of women's intellectual history punishment the earliest surviving evidence get tangled the 21st Century.