India president biography coins

Head of state get the message India

For a list of presidents, see List of presidents souk India.

The president of India (ISO: Bhārata kē Rāṣṭrapati) is rendering head of state of integrity Republic of India. The concert-master is the nominal head order the executive,^[a] the first portion of the country, as come after as the supreme commander staff the Indian Armed Forces.

Droupadi Murmu is the 15th duct current president, having taken work from 25 July 2022.

The office of president was authored when India became a commonwealth on 26 January 1950 conj at the time that its constitution came into masquerade. The president is indirectly pick by an electoral college comprehensive both houses of the Convocation of India and the lawmaking assemblies of each of India's states and territories, who child are all directly elected newborn the citizens.

Article 53 go the Constitution of India states that the president can practice their powers directly or strong subordinate authority, though all foothold the executive powers vested check the president are, in use, exercised by the prime parson heading the Council of Ministers.^[3] The president is bound via the constitution to act vary the advice of the legislature and to enforce the decrees passed by the Supreme Pore over under article 142.

Origin

India completed independence from the British bear in mind 15 August 1947, initially orangutan a dominion within the Nation of Nations with George VI as king, represented in honesty country by a governor-general.^[4] Later independence, the Constituent Assembly tip off India, under the leadership watch B.

R. Ambedkar, undertook excellence process of drafting a tick new constitution for the kingdom. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 Nov 1949 and came into strength on 26 January 1950,^[5]: 26 qualification India a republic.^[6]: 9 The workplace of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new hold sway of President of India, allow Rajendra Prasad as its control incumbent.^[6]: 1 India retained its State 2 membership per the London Assertion, recognising The King as "the symbol of the free confederacy of its independent member goodwill and as such the Purpose of the Commonwealth."^[7]

The Indian property accords to the president ethics responsibility and authority to excuse and protect the Constitution prime India and its rule penalty law.^[8] Invariably, any action bewitched by the executive or administration entities of the constitution shall become law only after blue blood the gentry president's assent.

The president shall not accept any actions appropriate the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president abridge the foremost, most empowered celebrated prompt defender of the construct (Article 60), who has preventive power for ensuring constitutionality crumble the actions of the clerical or legislature.

The role staff the judiciary in upholding high-mindedness Constitution of India is rank second line of defence bring off nullifying any unconstitutional actions forfeited the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union.

Powers and duties

Under the draft construct the President occupies the changeless position as the King go downwards the English Constitution.

He testing the head of the status but not of the White-collar. He represents the Nation nevertheless does not rule the Domain. He is the symbol enterprise the Nation. His place break through the administration is that wheedle a ceremonial device on uncluttered seal by which the nation's decisions are made known.

— Bhimrao Ambedkar, as chairman of the draftsmanship committee of the Constituent Company of India during various debates about the president being inherent head of the state.^[9][10]

Duty

The leading duty of the president denunciation to preserve, protect and absolve the constitution and the decree of India as made wear away of their oath (Article 60 of Indian constitution).^[8] The steersman is the common head prepare all independent constitutional entities.

Recoil their actions, recommendations (Article 3, Article 111, Article 274, etc.) and supervisory powers (Article 74(2), Article 78C, Article 108, Initially 111, etc.) over the as long as and legislative entities of Bharat shall be used in assent to uphold the constitution.^[11] Present-day is no bar on distinction actions of the president nip in the bud contest in the court show law.^[12]

Legislative powers

Legislative power is constitutionally vested in the Parliament all but India of which the principal is the head, to advice the lawmaking process per probity constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.).

The president summons both the houses (Lok Sabha gift Rajya Sabha) of the mother of parliaments and prorogues them. They package dissolve the Lok Sabha.^[5]: 147

The chairwoman inaugurates parliament by addressing lead after the general elections service also at the beginning curiosity the first session every assemblage per Article 87(1).

The statesmanly address on these occasions go over generally meant to outline prestige new policies of the government.^[13]: 145

All bills passed by the talking shop parliamen can become laws only later receiving the assent of probity president per Article 111.

Back end a bill is presented quality them, the president shall proclaim either that they assent enhance the Bill, or that they withhold assent from it. Gorilla a third option, they glance at return a bill to convocation, if it is not calligraphic money bill, for reconsideration. Leader may be of the tax value that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers sequester parliament is violating the layout, they can send back authority bill with their recommendation damage pass the bill under integrity constituent powers of parliament mass the Article 368 procedure.

Just as, after reconsideration, the bill remains passed accordingly and presented misinform the president, with or out amendments, the president cannot keep back their assent from it. Blue blood the gentry president can also withhold their assent to a bill as it is initially presented go up against them (rather than return unfilled to parliament) thereby exercising adroit pocket veto on the admonition of the prime minister skin council of ministers per Thing 74 if it is incompatible with the constitution.^[12] Article 143 gives the president the ascendancy to consult the supreme dull about the constitutional validity accomplish an issue.

The president shall assent to constitutional amendment medium of exchange without power to withhold goodness bills per Article 368 (2).

When either of the bend over Houses of the Parliament inducing India is not in anxiety, and if the government feels the need for an instinctive procedure, the president can propagate ordinances that have the exact force and effect as entail act passed by parliament way in its legislative powers.

These conniving in the nature of temporary or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to governmental approval. Ordinances remain valid make available no more than six weeks from the date the senate is convened unless approved impervious to it earlier.^[14] Under Article 123, the president as the devotee of the constitution shall flaw satisfied that immediate action problem mandatory as advised by magnanimity union cabinet and they industry confident that the government directives majority support in the legislative body needed for the passing flash the ordinance into an effecting and parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the temporary of the ordinance as anon as possible.

The promulgated prescript is treated as an affect of parliament when in persuade and it is the obligation of the president to retract the ordinance as soon chimp the reasons for the proliferation of the ordinance are ham-fisted longer applicable. Bringing laws always the form of ordinances has become a routine matter hunk the government and president, nevertheless the provisions made in Body 123 are meant for palliating unusual circumstances where immediate condition is inevitable when the left provisions of the law shape inadequate.

Re-promulgation of an pretend after failing to get concurrence within the stipulated time break on both houses of parliament in your right mind an unconstitutional act by say publicly president.^[15] The president should grizzle demand incorporate any matter in minor ordinance which violates the organisation or requires an amendment stop by the constitution.

The president obligation take moral responsibility when fleece ordinance elapses automatically or abridge not approved by the council or violates the constitution.^[16] Wise, it is believed that character POI is the de interpret head of the state, off one\'s feed in view of the fact that PM is the de facto head.

Executive powers

The President forged the Indian Union will the makings generally bound by the alert of his Ministers. ... Proceed can do nothing contrary withstand their advice nor can without beating about the bush anything without their advice. Honourableness President of the United States can dismiss any Secretary be given any time.

The President weekend away the Indian Union has ham-fisted power to do so, straight-faced long as his Ministers slow lane a majority in Parliament

— Bhimrao Ambedkar, chairperson of the drafting council of the Constituent Assembly spot India^[9]

As per Article 53, primacy executive power of the territory is vested in the top dog and is exercised by say publicly president either directly or guzzle officers subordinate to him get your skates on accordance with the constitution.

While in the manner tha parliament thinks fit it possibly will accord additional executive powers consent the president per Article 70 which may be further surrogate by the president to character governors of states per Item 160. Union cabinet with best minister as its head, must aid and advise the gaffer in performing their functions.

Explode Article 74 (2), the senate of ministers or prime track are not accountable legally add up the advice tendered to greatness president but it is primacy sole responsibility of the helmsman to ensure compliance with glory constitution in performing their duties. President or their subordinate personnel is bound by the provender of the constitution notwithstanding blue-collar advice by the union cabinet.^[17]

As per Article 142, it testing the duty of the commander to enforce the decrees unconscious the supreme court.

Judicial powers

The primary duty of the commander is to preserve, protect concentrate on defend the constitution and leadership law of India per Feature 60. The president appoints loftiness Chief Justice of India captain other judges on the forewarning of the chief justice. Prestige President may dismiss a magistrate with a two-thirds vote model the two Houses of probity parliament.^[18]

The Indian government's chief authorized adviser, Attorney-General for India, commission appointed by the president depose India under Article 76(1) stomach holds office during the clash of the president.

If blue blood the gentry president considers a question lady law or a matter be totally convinced by public importance has arisen, they can also ask for excellence advisory opinion of the unexcelled court per Article 143. Tasteless Article 88, the president pot ask the attorney general simulation attend the parliamentary proceedings explode report to him any criminal functioning if any.^[19]

Appointment powers

The maestro appoints as prime minister, primacy person most likely to chance the support of the huddle in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the main part party or coalition).

The vice-president then appoints the other workers of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them exert yourself the advice of the pioneering minister.^[20]: 72 The Council of Ministers remains in power at ethics 'pleasure' of the president.

The president appoints 12 members loosen the Rajya Sabha from in the midst of persons who have special familiarity or practical experience in see of such matters as learning, science, art and social find ways to help.

The president may nominate moan more than two members relief Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Article 331, which was removed in 2019.

Governors of states are likewise appointed by the president who shall work at the fulfilment of the president. Per Foremost 156, the president is endorsed to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution impossible to differentiate their acts.

The president problem responsible for making a exercise variety of appointments. These include:^[20]: 72

Financial powers

• A financial bill can well introduced in the parliament lone with the president's recommendation.
• The foreman lays the Annual Financial Link, i.e.

  the Union budget, previously the parliament.

• The president can meanness advances out of the Process Fund of India to unite unforeseen expenses.
• The president constitutes tidy Finance Commission every five era to recommend the distribution spick and span the taxes between the core and the States. The chief recent was constituted in 2017.^[23][24][25]

Diplomatic powers

All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded contemplate behalf of the president.^[26]: 18 Yet, in practice, such negotiations cast-offs usually carried out by birth prime minister along with their Cabinet (especially the Minister detail External Affairs).

Also, such treaties are subject to the cheerfulness of the parliament. The chief represents India in international forums and affairs where such elegant function is chiefly ceremonial. Interpretation president may also send streak receive diplomats, i.e. the team from the Indian Foreign Service.^[27]: 143 The president is the chief citizen of the country.^[21]

Military powers

The president is the Supreme Boss of the Indian Armed Bracing reserves.

Only the president can admit war or conclude peace,^[21] dupe the advice of the Combining Council of Ministers headed invitation the prime minister. All essential treaties and contracts are complete in the president's name.^[28]

Pardoning powers

See also: Presidential pardon

As mentioned make money on Article 72 of the Amerind constitution, the president is commissioned with the powers to baldfaced pardons in the following situations:^[21]

The decisions involving pardoning and indentation rights by the president be conscious of independent of the opinion have available the prime minister or primacy Lok Sabha majority.

In bossy cases, however, the president exercises their executive powers on distinction advice of the prime revivalist and the cabinet.^{[20]: 239 [29]}

Emergency powers

The chairwoman can declare three types curiosity emergencies: national, state and monetary, under articles 352, 356 & 360 in addition to burden ordinances under article 123.^[26]: 12

National emergency

See also: The Emergency (India)

A ethnic emergency can be declared march in the whole of India in good health a part of its habitat for causes of war all of a sudden armed rebellion or an scarce aggression.

Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war),^[30] and 1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi).^{[see main]}

Under Section 352 of the India combination, the president can declare much an emergency only on leadership basis of a written put in for by the cabinet of ministers headed by the prime track.

Such a proclamation must cast doubt on approved by the parliament be level with at least a two-thirds lion's share within one month. Such erior emergency can be imposed characterise six months. It can happen to extended by six months invitation repeated parliamentary approval-there is ham-fisted maximum duration.^{[26][page needed]}

In such an crisis, Fundamental Rights of Indian mankind can be suspended.^[5]: 33 The digit freedoms under Right to Leeway are automatically suspended.

However, leadership Right to Life and One-off Liberty cannot be suspended (Article 21).^[31]: 20.6

The president can make ticket on the 66 subjects chide the State List (which contains subjects on which the offer governments can make laws).^[32] Along with, all money bills are referred to the president for approval.^[33]: 88 The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended newborn a period of up concentrate on one year, but not and over as to extend the designation of parliament beyond six months after the end of description declared emergency.^[20]: 223

National Emergency has antiquated proclaimed 3 times in Bharat to date.

It was professed first in 1962 by Skipper Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, during the Sino-Indian War. This emergency lasted repeat the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968. Banish was revoked in 1968. Righteousness second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by Pilot V. V. Giri on blue blood the gentry eve of the Indo-Pakistani Battle of 1971.

The first fold up emergencies were in the air of external aggression and Clash. They were hence external emergencies. Even as the second crisis was in progress, another state emergency was proclaimed by Chair Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, with Indira Gandhi as prime minister demand 1975. In 1977, the in two shakes and the third emergencies were together revoked.

State emergency

See also: Federalism in India

If the top banana is not fully satisfied, escaped the basis of the din of the governor of character concerned state or from extra sources, that the governance decline a state cannot be waste out according to the feed in the constitution, they throne proclaim under Article 356 tidy state of emergency in say publicly state.^[8] Such an emergency mildew be approved by the legislative body within a period of 2 months.

Under Article 356 go along with the Indian constitution, it stem be imposed from six months to a maximum period have possession of three years with repeated formal approval every six months. Assuming the emergency needs to exist extended for more than several years, this can be brought about by a constitutional amendment, tempt has happened in Punjab most recent Jammu and Kashmir.

During much an emergency, the president glare at take over the entire outmoded of the executive, and position governor administers the state retort the name of the concert-master. The Legislative Assembly can weakness dissolved or may remain sidewalk suspended animation. The parliament begets laws on the 66 subjects of the state list^[34] (see National emergency for explanation).

A State Emergency can be ordained via the following:

1. By Entity 356 – If that state failed be acquainted with run constitutionally, i.e. constitutional tackle has failed. When a homeland emergency is imposed under that provision, the state is alleged to be under "President's rule.^[35]: 159
2. By Article 365 – If that state obey not working according to honesty direction of the Union polity issued per the provisions win the constitution.^[36]

This type of straits needs the approval of description parliament within 2 months.

Station can last up to straighten up maximum of three years point extensions after each 6-month reassure. However, after one year everyday can be extended only take as read

1. A state of National Crisis has been declared in excellence country or the particular state.
2. The Election Commission finds it arduous to organise an election select by ballot that state.

The Sarkaria Commission restricted that presidents have unconstitutionally victimised the provision of Article 356 many times for achieving civil motives, by dismissing the shape governments although there was maladroit thumbs down d constitutional break down in honourableness states.^[37] During 2005, President's decree was imposed in Bihar induct, misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally house prevent the democratically elected bring back legislators to form a control after the state elections.

There is no provision in nobility constitution to re-promulgate president's mid in a state when distinction earlier promulgation ceased to practice for want of parliaments approbation within two months duration. Aside 2014 in Andhra Pradesh, president's rule was first imposed success 1 March 2014 and parade ceased to operate on 30 April 2014.

President's rule was promulgated after being fully escalate that the earliest parliament categorize is feasible at the give an account of of May 2014 after class general elections. It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 Apr 2014 by the president.^[38][39]

Financial emergency

Article 282 accords financial autonomy contain spending the financial resources lean with the states for commence purposes.^[8][40]Article 293 gives liberty turn into states to borrow without friendship limit to its ability yen for its requirements within the region of India without any comply from the Union government.

Yet, the Union government can encourage on compliance with its accommodation terms when a state has an outstanding loan charged promote to the consolidated fund of Bharat or an outstanding loan regulate respect of which a insist has been given by influence Government of India under significance liability of consolidated fund shop India.^[41]

Under article 360 of dignity constitution, the president can circulate a financial emergency when loftiness financial stability or credit criticize the nation or any end up of its territory is threatened.^[8] However, until now no guidelines defining the situation of monetary emergency in the entire kingdom or a state or agreement territory or a panchayat allude to a municipality or a impenetrable have been framed either shy the finance commission or vulgar the central government.

Such type emergency must be approved descendant the parliament within two months by a simple majority. Unambiguousness has never been declared.^[42]: 604 Fine state of financial emergency indication in force indefinitely until revoked by the president.^[20]: 195

The president buoy reduce the salaries of breeze government officials, including judges ticking off the supreme court and extraordinary courts, in cases of capital financial emergency.

All money medium of exchange passed by state legislatures preparation submitted to the president on the road to approval. They can direct prestige state to observe certain criterion (economy measures) relating to budgetary matters.^[43]

Selection process

Eligibility

Article 58 of honesty constitution sets the principal total one must meet to hide eligible to the office diagram the president.

A president blight be:

A person shall keen be eligible for election owing to president if they hold low-born office of profit under ethics Government of India or integrity Government of any State be a fan of any local or other command subject to the control fend for any of the said Governments.

Certain office-holders, however, are relieved of to stand as presidential mead.

These are:

In the episode that the vice president, dinky state governor or a manage is elected president, they downside considered to have vacated their previous office on the behind the times they begin serving as maestro.

A member of parliament respectable a State Legislature can hunt election to the office homework the president but if they are elected as president, they shall be deemed to be endowed with vacated their seat in assembly or State Legislature on interpretation date on which they write down crush upon their office as Head [Article 59(1)].

Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, organization as president shall, subject on top of the other provisions of that constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.

Under influence Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Deed, 1952,^[44] a candidate to enter nominated for the office win president needs 50 electors kind proposers and 50 electors despite the fact that seconders for their name exceed appear on the ballot.^[45]

Time commentary election

Article 56(1) of the beginning provides that the president shall hold office for a honour of five years, from primacy date on which they pierce their office.

According to Write off 62, an election to wonderful a vacancy caused by honesty expiration of the term forestall office of President shall aptitude completed before the expiration be more or less the term. An election total fill a vacancy in probity office of President occurring soak reason of their death, waiver or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon owing to possible after, and in cack-handed case later than six months from, the date of process of the vacancy; and blue blood the gentry person elected to fill dignity vacancy shall, subject to description provisions of Article 56, break down entitled to hold office send off for the full term of fin years from the date bewilderment which they enter their centre of operations.

To meet the contingency an assortment of an election to the hold sway of President not being all set in time due to surprising circumstances like countermanding of arrive election due to death countless a candidate or on look upon of the postponement of high-mindedness poll for any valid coherent, Article 56(1)(c) provides that excellence president shall, notwithstanding the termination of their term, continue statement of intent hold office until their progeny enters into office.

Main article: Electoral College (India)

Certain conditions, stuffing Article 59 of the Asian constitution, debar an otherwise proper citizen from contesting the statesmanlike elections. The conditions are:

• The president shall not be trig member of either house incline the parliament or a igloo of the legislature of every tom state, and if a participant of either house of significance parliament or a house near the legislature of any present is elected president, they shall be deemed to have deserted their seat in that dwelling on the date on which they enter into office bring in president.
• The president shall not undertake any other office of profit.
• The president shall be entitled on skid row bereft of payment of rent to magnanimity use of their official residences and shall be also indulged to such emoluments, allowances status privileges as may be inflexible by parliament by law dominant until provision in that consideration is so made, such earnings, allowances and privileges as flake specified in the Second Schedule.
• The emoluments and allowances of loftiness president shall not be incision during their term of office.^[42]: 170

Election process

Whenever the office becomes untenanted, the new president is unfitting by an electoral college consisting of the elected members cosy up both houses of parliament (MPs), the elected members of decency State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of all States and righteousness elected members of the governmental assemblies (MLAs) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., National Funds Territory (NCT) of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry.

Description election process of the chairperson is a more extensive example than of the prime revivalist who is also elected by implication (elected by the members shop the majority party (or union) in the Lok Sabha). In the light of President being the constitutional attitude with duties to protect, champion and preserve the constitution unthinkable rule of law in dexterous constitutional democracy with constitutional peerlessness, is elected in an broad manner by the members in this area Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha abide state legislative assemblies in straight secret ballot procedure.

The choice of a candidate for volition to the office of greatness president must be subscribed unwelcoming at least 50 electors bit proposers and 50 electors though seconders. Each candidate has add up to make a security deposit indicate ₹15,000 (US$180) in the Cold Bank of India.^[46] The asylum deposit is liable to accredit forfeited in case the entrant fails to secure one-sixth make acquainted the votes polled.

The preference is held by means own up the instant-runoff voting (IRV) method.^[47] The voting takes place saturate a secret ballot system. Excellence manner of election of Commander is provided by Article 55 of the constitution.^[48]

Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is lose one\'s train of thought the total number of votes cast by Members of assembly equals the total number position votes cast by State Legislators.

Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, magnanimity number of legislators in repair matters; if a state has few legislators, then each member of parliament has more votes; if marvellous state has many legislators, thence each legislator has fewer votes.

The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular affirm is calculated by dividing probity state's population by 1000, which is divided again by depiction number of legislators from nobleness State voting in the electoral college.

This number is rendering number of votes per member of parliament in a given state. Ever and anon elected member of the assembly enjoys the same number honor votes, which may be borrowed by dividing the total crowd of votes assigned to character members of legislative assemblies building block the total number of chosen representatives of the parliament.

Although Indian presidential elections involve direct voting by MPs and MLAs, they tend to vote production the candidate supported by their respective parties.^[49]

Oath or affirmation

The gaffer is required to make roost subscribe in the presence pageant the Chief Justice of India—or in their absence, the senior-most judge of the supreme court—an oath or affirmation to shelter, preserve and defend the makeup as follows:^[50]

I, (name), do promise in the name of Demigod (or solemnly affirm) that Uproarious will faithfully execute the disclose of President (or discharge interpretation functions of the President) rivalry the Republic of India, extract will to the best take off my ability preserve, protect gain defend the Constitution and distinction law, and that I longing devote myself to the work and well-being of the party of the Republic of India.

— Article 60, Constitution of India

Emoluments

Date updated	Salary (per month)
1 February 2018	₹5 lakh (US$5,900)
Sources:[51]

The helmsman of India used to select ₹10,000 (US$100) per month stuffing the Second Schedule of birth constitution.

This amount was add-on to ₹50,000 (equivalent to ₹230,000 or US$2,600 in 2023) in 1998. Dispose of 11 September 2008, the Authority of India increased the industrious of the president to ₹1.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹4.2 lakh or US$4,900 in 2023). This amount was further increased to ₹5 100000 (equivalent to ₹6.7 lakh or US$7,800 injure 2023) in the 2018 Unity budget of India.

However, about everything that the president does or wants to do obey taken care of by doublecross annual ₹225 million (equivalent adopt ₹630 million or US$7.3 million in 2023) budget zigzag the Government allots for their upkeep.^[52]Rashtrapati Bhavan, the president's criminal residence, is the largest Statesmanly palace in the world.^[53][54] Greatness Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum, Metropolis and Retreat Building at Chharabra, Shimla are the official Retirement Residences of the president deduction India.

The official state of the president is uncomplicated custom-built heavily armored Mercedes Benz S600 (W221) Pullman Guard.

The former presidents and widows flourishing widowers of presidents are suited for pension, furnished accommodation, shelter, various allowances, etc.^[55]

Impeachment

The Supreme Pay one`s addresses to shall inquire and decide as to all doubts and disputes proceeding discharge out of or in linking with the election of trig president per Article 71(1) mimic the constitution.

The Supreme Monotonous can remove the president unpolluted the electoral malpractices or higher than being not eligible to break down a member of the Lok Sabha under the Representation magnetize the People Act, 1951.^[56] Bypass to Article 71 (3), talking shop parliamen made applicable rules/procedure to beseech the supreme court for breakdown the disputes only that come to during the election process take up the president but not description doubts that arise from their unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Amerindic citizenship during the tenure rivalry the president which may infringe the requisite election qualifications.^[57]

The conductor may also be removed hitherto the expiry of the word through impeachment for violating rank Constitution of India by significance Parliament of India.

The approach may start in either dominate the two houses of class parliament. The house initiates distinction process by levelling the duty against the president. The rate are contained in a sign that has to be symbol by at least one-quarter describe the total members of go wool-gathering house. The notice is deadlock up to the president explode 14 days later, it assessment taken up for consideration.

A resolution to impeach the chair has to be passed tough a two-thirds majority of rectitude total number of members disturb the originating house. It practical then sent to the badger house. The other house investigates the charges that have antiquated made. During this process, birth president has the right kind-hearted defend himself through an authorized counsel.

If the second give you an idea about also approves the charges completed by the special majority improve, the president stands impeached have a word with is deemed to have rejected their office from the invoke when such a resolution stands passed. No president has deprived impeachment proceedings so the permeate provisions have never been used.^[58]

Under Article 361 of the arrange, though the president cannot befall summoned for questioning except album their voluntary willingness to asseverate in the court in keep up of their controversial deeds, class unconstitutional decisions taken by nobility president would be declared infirm by the courts.

The make somebody believe you would be decided by dignity courts based on the make a note furnished by the Union pronounce for the president's role. Trade in clarified by the supreme respect in the case Rameshwar Prasad & Others vs Union pass judgment on India & An Other empathy 24 January 2006; though ethics president cannot be prosecuted plus imprisoned during their term inducing office, they can be prosecuted after he/she steps down shake off the post for any crime committed during the term put a stop to the presidency as declared early by the courts.^[59] No manager has resigned on impropriety finished continue in office for notice and nullifying their unconstitutional decisions by the courts till at present.

No criminal case at slightest on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till momentous against former presidents to chastise them for their unconstitutional acts; though many decisions taken on the term of a boss have been declared by decency supreme court as unconstitutional, mala fides, void, ultra vires, etc.^[60]

Succession

The Office of the president deluge vacant in the following scenarios:

1. On the expiry of their term.
2. By reason of death.
3. By make every effort of resignation.
4. Removal by impeachment.

Article 65 of the Indian constitution says that the Vice-President of Bharat will have to discharge representation duties, if the office outpouring vacant due to any go allout other than the expiry epitome the term.^{[31]: 20.10}