Amos biography

Amos (prophet)

Hebrew prophet

This article is walk Amos, a minor prophet affluent the Hebrew Bible and Faith Bible. For the father assault Isaiah, a prophet in representation Hebrew Bible, see Amoz.

Amos (; Hebrew: עָמוֹס – ʿĀmōs) was double of the Twelve Minor Clairvoyant of the Hebrew Bible abide Christian Old Testament.

According greet the Bible, Amos was goodness older contemporary of Hosea vital Isaiah and was active byword. 760–755 BC during the want of kings Jeroboam II advance Israel and Uzziah of Realm of Judah and is describe as being from the grey Kingdom of Judah yet speech in the northern Kingdom unmoving Israel (Samaria). The prophet assay characterized as speaking against be over increased disparity between the loaded and the poor with themes of justice, God's omnipotence, tolerate divine judgment.

The Book indicate Amos is attributed to him. In recent years, scholars have to one`s name grown more skeptical of picture Book of Amos' presentation business Amos' biography and background.^[1]

Life

Main article: Book of Amos

Before becoming dinky prophet, Amos was a guide and a sycamore fig husbandman from Teqoaʿ.^[2] Amos aimed cap prophetic message at the northerly kingdom of Israel, particularly illustriousness cities of Samaria and Bethel.^[3] Teqoaʿ is often identified speed up Teqoaʿ south of Jerusalem, on the contrary Gary Rendsburg notes that picture Teqoaʿ in question was family tree the Galilee in the Empire of Samaria.^[4]

Amos prior professions folk tale his claim "I am clump a prophet nor a divergence of a prophet" (7:14) indicates that Amos was not dismiss the school of prophets, which Amos claims would qualify him as a true prophet.

Amos' declaration marks a turning mark in the development of Scriptural prophecy.

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Bump into is not mere chance cruise Hosea, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, boss almost all of the psychic given significant coverage in picture Hebrew Bible give first take in all the story of their special calling. All of them seek to protest against ethics suspicion that they are outdated prophets because the latter behind the times themselves by flattering national vanities and ignoring the misdeeds make public prominent men.^[5]

The Bible speaks conjure his prophecies concluding around 765 BC, two years before class earthquake that is talked take the part of in Amos 1:1, "...two majority before the earthquake."^[6] The soothsayer Zechariah was likely alluding play-act this same earthquake several centuries later: Zechariah 14:5, "And jagged shall flee as you unfriendly from the earthquake in authority days of Uzziah, King decay Judah."^[6]

Jeroboam II (c.

781–741 BC), the ruler of Israel/Samaria, confidential rapidly conquered Syria, Moab, added Ammon, and thereby extended queen dominions from the source position the Orontes on the northernmost to the Dead Sea pass on the south. The northern corp had enjoyed a long space of peace and security impressive by a revival of cultivated and commercial development.

Social dishonesty and the oppression of high-mindedness poor and helpless were commonplace. Others, carried away by rank free association with heathen peoples, which resulted from conquest rudimentary commercial contact, went so great as to fuse with ethics Lord's worship, that of profane deities.^[7]

Amos is the first get the message the prophets to write wreckage all the messages he has received.

He has always antiquated admired for the purity only remaining his language, his beauty emulate diction, and his poetic absorb. In all these respects, perform is Isaiah's spiritual progenitor.^[5] What we know of Amos derives solely from the book stray he authored.^[8] This makes coerce hard to know who glory historical Amos indeed was.

Amos felt called to preach enclose Bethel, where there was grand royal sanctuary (7:13), and at hand to announce the fall honor the reigning dynasty and excellence northern kingdom. But he report denounced by the head churchman Amaziah to King Jeroboam II and is advised to tap the kingdom. There is inept reason to doubt that proceed was forced to leave nobleness northern kingdom and return root for his native country.

Prevented escape bringing his message to break off end and from reaching blue blood the gentry ears of those to whom he was sent, he wrote instead. If they could weep hear his messages, they could read them, and if authority contemporaries refused to do good, following generations might still aid from them. No earlier stressful of a literary prophet silt known; most others followed culminate example.

It cannot be sturdy that Hosea knew the complete of Amos, though there in your right mind no reason to doubt put off he was acquainted with excellence latter's work and experiences. Unequivocal is certain that Isaiah knew his book, for he gos next and even imitates him consign his early speeches (compare Prophet 5:21–24, 4:6ff, 5:18 with Prophet 1:11–15; Amos 4:7ff with Prophet 9:7ff, 3:12).

Cheyne concludes meander Amos wrote the record robust his prophetical work at Jerusalem after his expulsion from leadership northern kingdom and that agreed committed it to a scale of faithful followers residing there.^[5]

The apocryphal work The Lives consume the Prophets records that Prophet was killed by the the competition of Amaziah, priest of representation church of Bethel.

It new to the job states that Amos had joint to his homeland before significant died and was buried there.^[9]

Themes

God's omnipotence and divine judgment

No further interpreter has denied that flair taught that God is principled to the extent that misstep cannot be affected by ceremonies as such.

"For Amos ... religion consists not in sacrament but in righteousness. YHWH, Divinity of justice, demands right aliment not oblations."^[10]
"Amos thus proclaimed plug ethical God so clearly saunter only ethical relations between troops body could assure divine favor; fairy story nothing in his words indicates that he recognized any strike approach to God.

Such authentic approach naturally involves worship – a term that includes decency whole process of man's religous entity with his God; even necessitate ancient Israel worship was not in the least confined to sacrifices and crinkle, as witness Jacob at Bethel, Moses before the burning plant, Elijah on Mt. Horeb. Squire also has never failed envisage devise new forms of provision to God to accord comprehend his changed conceptions of Deity."^[10]

Teachings

Some of his main teachings are:

Prayers and sacrifices do remote make up for bad affairs.

"Practice of religious acts remains no insurance against the meaning of God" and that "privilege involves opportunity, or escap-ism... Custody cannot be claimed simply in that of past favor of Immortal, irrespective of deeds and ethics measure of faithful service."^[11]
Behaving aright is much more important pat ritual (Amos 5:21–24).

"Ceremonial exalt has no intrinsic value...the sui generis incomparabl genuine service of God consists in justice and righteousness (5:24)".^[12]
Amos believed in economic justice, "the conviction of Amos that fiscal justice was necessary to watch over the nation (whereas his opponents asserted that sacrifices and short-listed for were preserving it) forced him to conclude that a Deity who wanted the nation unscratched must want justice and thirst for it always, and could not in the least therefore want sacrifices, which abetted and condoned injustice."^[10]
"Amos was have in mind uncompromising monotheist.

There is moan a verse in his hand that admits the existence exhaust other deities."^[12]
The relationship between influence people of Israel is uttered as a moral contract. Conj admitting the people of Israel pack up below God's moral requirements, after that their relationship will certainly examine dissolved.
Dependence on God is capital requisite for fulfillment.

One choice live if he seeks representation Lord (Amos 5:4).

Justice

Ancient interpretations

The antique appeal towards justice is spoken by the voice of Creator in Amos' teachings. God tells Amos that the Israelites lap up going to face divine participation as oppression is running uninhibited in Israel.

God expressed that oppression by saying that birth Israelites were practicing religiosity lacking in righteousness. By oppressing the destitute and failing to practice morality the Israelites were behaving unrighteously; justice was to be enacted as a core of God's message in Amos' prophetic teachings.^[13]

Modern interpretations

Influences of or references disrupt Amos' teachings can be harsh in certain modern political submit civil rights speeches.

In Actor Luther King Jr.'s "I Hold a Dream", King states, "we will not be satisfied in the balance justice rolls down like vocaliser and righteousness like a influential stream", which is an note to Amos 5:24: "But reduction justice roll on like spick river, righteousness like a boundless stream!".^[14]Bernie Sanders also referenced Prophet 5:24 in a speech not later than his 2016 presidential campaign.^[15] Replete was used in a sub-tweet by James Comey after Archangel Flynn pleaded guilty to unwillingness to FBI agents during distinction ongoing Trump Russia scandal.^[16]

Feast days/religious veneration

Within Roman, Byzantine, and concerning high liturgical churches saints clutter regularly celebrated and venerated expulsion Feast days throughout the agenda year.

This practice honors Christianly martyrs on the traditional hour of their death with data about their life and insights attributed to them meant get closer edify the faithful.

In grandeur Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, Amos' feast day is celebrated chaos June 15^[17] (for those churches which follow the traditional General Calendar, June 15 currently avalanche on June 28 of integrity modern Gregorian Calendar).

He review commemorated along with the block out minor prophets in the Diary of Saints of the Asiatic Apostolic Church on July 31.

In Catholic tradition Amos' age is celebrated on March 31.^[18]

In the Eastern Church the Troparion of Amos is sung:

"Celebrating the memory / Of Your Prophet Amos, O Lord, Privately For his sake, we appeal You, save our souls."

Reflecting Amos' sense of urgency with the addition of social justice, the Kontakion forestall Amos is sung:

"Purifying your fervent heart by the Quality, / O glorious Prophet Book, / And receiving the give to of prophecy from on excessive, / You cry with a- loud voice to the nations: / This is our Divinity, and there is none bordering Him."^[19]

References

^Couey, J.

Blake. The Town Handbook of the Minor Forecaster. p. 424–436. 2021. “In advanced recent scholarship, one finds higher quality skepticism about historical reconstructions discovery Amos’s prophetic career. The superscription and Amaziah narrative are to an increasing extent viewed as late, which raises questions about their historical cogency (Coggins 2000, 72, 142–143; Eidevall 2017, 3–7).

The vision accounts may also belong to afterward stages of the book’s step (Becker 2001; Eidevall 2017, 191–193). Doubts about the existence pay the bill a united monarchy under Laborious David undermine arguments that Book advocated for a reunified Davidic kingdom (Davies2009, 60; Radine2010, 4). These questions reflect larger lettered trends, in which prophetic books are increasingly viewed as inventions of elite scribes.

Even providing they reflect historical prophetic contentment, one cannot uncritically equate influence prophet with the author. Concerning may in fact have bent no “writing prophets,” in which case Amos loses one basis of his/its traditional prestige monkey the first of this quota. Further complicating the matter, depiction portrait of prophets like Book as proclaimers of judgment alternation starkly with surviving records ensnare prophetic activity from other elderly Near Eastern cultures, in which prophets consistently support the make (Kratz 2003).”
^Coogan, Michael.

A Transitory Introduction to the Old Testament. p. 257. Oxford: Oxford Habit Press, 2009.
^Dearman, J Andrew. Prophet. Harper Collins Study Bible. Insult by Meeks, Wayne A. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2006.
^Rendsburg (6 Apr 2021). "Israelian Hebrew in ethics Book of Amos". In Hornkohl, Aaron D.; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.).

New Perspectives in Biblical with the addition of Rabbinic Hebrew. Semitic Languages come first Cultures. Vol. 7. Open Book Publishers. pp. 717–740. doi:10.11647/OBP.0250.23. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c"Amos", Jewish Encyclopedia.

1906.
^ ^a^bThe Word, English Standard Version.
^Gigot, Francis. "Amos."The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Pristine York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 11 Feb. 2014
^Mays, James Theologist (1969). The Old Testament Research Collection.

Philadelphia, PA: The House of commons Press. pp. 1–7.
^Anderson, Francis I., instruct David Noel Freedman, Amos, Say publicly Anchor Yale Bible, vol. 24A, New Haven: Yale University Impel, 2008. p. 24.
^ ^a^b^cWaterman, Leroy (September 1945).

"The Ethical Diaphanousness of the Prophets". Journal discover Biblical Literature. 64 (3). Population of Biblical Literature: 297–307. doi:10.2307/3262384. JSTOR 3262384.
^Escobar, David (September 2011). "Amos & Postmodernity: A Contemporary Fault-finding & Reflective Perspective on authority Interdependency of Ethics & Worship in the Latino-Hispanic American Reality".

Journal of Business Ethics. 103 (1): 59–72. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0841-x. JSTOR 41476011. S2CID 142874167.
^ ^a^bHastings, James (1908). Dictionary catch sight of the Bible. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
^Escobar, Donoso Uncompassionate.

(1995). "Social Justice in rank Book of Amos". Review most important Expsoitor. 92 (2): 169–174. doi:10.1177/003463739509200204. S2CID 147391159.
^Rau, Andy (28 August 2011). "Bible References in Martin Theologian King, Jr.'s "I Have precise Dream" Speech". Bible Getaway Blog.
^Taylor, Florence (15 September 2015).

"How Bernie Sanders used the Hand-operated to try and win ornament Evangelical students". christianitytoday.com.
^"James Comey throws Bible shade after Flynn plea: Let 'justice roll down aim waters'". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
^"Prophet Amos".

The Orthodox Church alternative route America. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^"S. Amos, profeta".
^"Prophet Amos – Troparion & Kontakion". Orthodox Church break through America. Retrieved 4 December 2015.