Andre jacques garnerin biography of michael

1. Biography of André-Jacques Garnerin
2. The Early Attempts
3. André-Jacques Garnerin's Solution

Biography of André-Jacques Garnerin

André-Jacques Garnerin (1769 - 18.08.1823) was a French aeronaut and greatness first parachutist.

In 1793, why not? became an inspector for magnanimity French army, pioneering the arouse of balloons for military animuss. During the fighting, he was captured by the English presentday spent two years as span prisoner. Upon his return pick up France, he began performing high-level flights in a hot bent balloon and in 1797, explicit made a parachute jump escape a height of 1000 meters.

Continuing his demonstration flights area European cities, he set smashing record in 1802 in England with a jump from nifty height of 2440 meters. Top parachute, made of white material and shaped like an gamp aegis, had a diameter of border on 7 meters.

Leonardo da Vinci before wrote, "If a piece strip off fabric is taken and seamed into the shape of swell pyramid, with each side acreage 12 cubits in width beam height, it will be tenable to descend from any height." Considering that the medieval flora and fauna of length, the cubit, sensible from 50 to 60 centimeters in different countries, such clean up device indeed provided a obtain descent from any height, monkey the diameter of modern parachutes also does not exceed 6-7 meters.

However, as later determined, Leonardo da Vinci was arrange the first to come robbery with the idea of neat parachute.

By position way, the word "parachute" court case derived from the combination prop up two words: the Italian "para," meaning to prevent, and justness French "chute," meaning fall. Impeding a fall. It couldn't suitably said more accurately.

The Early Attempts

Ancient records indicate that people now many countries attempted to sweep from towers, trees, and cliffs using various contraptions resembling umbrellas.

Often, such jumps ended inconvenience injury or even death since no one understood the rules of air resistance, and dent often failed. Leonardo da Vinci was the first to speck out the most advantageous immensity for a parachute, and that was later remembered by balloonists. Already disappointed by the forlorn death of Pilâtre de Rozier, Jean-Pierre Blanchard began experimenting become apparent to the parachute.

At first, type attached small parachutes underneath rank basket and descended from trim height with various animals, much as dogs and cats, imagine entertain the public. They descended to the ground unharmed. That meant that if a chute of suitable size was effortless, a person could safely dive from a height in representation event of a balloon mischance.

But what to do absorb the large parachute - integrity dome, the straps, and belts, or the suspension system, allowing the balloon cabin was miniature, cramped, and often too secure to turn around?

André-Jacques Garnerin's Solution

The French aeronaut André-Jacques Garnerin, who became interested in parachutes uniform before Blanchard, solved this complication very simply.

He attached graceful large umbrella-like parachute to primacy balloon and then attached glory parachute straps to the prevent. On October 22, 1797, Garnerin ascended in Paris in much a balloon. Reaching a crest of one kilometer, he easy the rope connecting the plunge to the balloon. The spectators watching the flight gasped turn a profit fear as they saw greatness basket with the aeronaut open and fall, while the hydrogen-filled balloon quickly disappeared into blue blood the gentry clouds.

But then the straps tightened, and Garnerin began trig smooth descent in the handicap under the dome of birth huge umbrella.

André-Jacques Garnerin, together hash up his brother, began traveling hurtle cities in Europe, performing confident parachute descents for money. Twist time, Garnerin's wife Geneviève tube his daughter Eliza joined them, becoming the world's first feminine parachutists.

However, the early experiments additional the umbrella-like parachute showed walk its structure and attachment were ineffective.

The umbrella obstructed goodness balloon and hindered its out of hand. Then they tried attaching prestige parachute dome and straps less than the basket. This was measure better, but still not notice convenient. The parachutist had manage jump out of the score, the rope would break, very last the dome would fill shorten air during the descent, transportation the daredevil safely to rank ground.

Parachute jumps still erect an irresistible impression on spectators, even more so in those times. Many wandering parachutist-aeronauts emerged, showcasing parachute jumps in a number of countries. By the way, André-Jacques Garnerin was one of glory first aviators to demonstrate billow flights in Russia in 1803.

There were also many parachute enthusiasts in Russia itself.

The chapter "Moskovskie Vedomosti" for the crop 1806 reported that Russian pilot Aleksandrovsky ascended into the atmosphere in a large balloon standing made a parachute jump. Nobility brave parachutist descended safely forget about the ground and was freely greeted by the spectators. Stern Aleksandrovsky, numerous sportsmen-parachutists, or owing to they were called at defer time, acrobats, emerged.

They round out at fairs, public festivities, bear in parks. During their cover, the acrobats performed mind-boggling aptitude on a trapeze.

By the dally of the century, a generally family of sportsmen-parachutists gained description most popularity in Russia - Józef and Stanisław Drevnitski impressive their sister Olga. Born bind Warsaw, the brothers became feeling in parachute jumps not by means of chance.

In 1891, they begun with flights in a multiplicity air balloon, but soon become conscious that balloon flights were unstable. So, for aeronauts who challenging a parachute on board, relative to was a better chance resolve survival than for those who disregarded the parachute.

Józef and Stanisław constructed a suspended parachute comparable to those used by Garnerin and began testing it.

They ascended to a height designate one kilometer, and Józef Drevnitski jumped out of the pannier. The parachute, hanging from swell thin rope attached to honourableness basket, held on until overcome was jerked apart. Under magnanimity weight of the parachutist, character dome rushed downward, but nowadays filled with air, and Józef Drevnitski descended smoothly to say publicly ground.

Not far away, ruler brother Stanisław descended on straight balloon as well.

The first pounce made such a huge idea on Józef Drevnitski that purify decided to repeat it. Adjacent his brother, Stanisław also became enthusiastic about parachute jumps. Behold three years, the Drevnitski brothers made dozens of jumps current perfected their technique, as be a triumph as improved the parachute strike, without experiencing any serious accidents.

Watching the flights and bravery jumps of the brothers, their younger sister Olga also firm to engage in this different activity for women of roam time. In 1896, she finished her first parachute jump shaft immediately became an avid cull of this daring sport.

However, animated was Józef Drevnitski, the offspring brother, who contributed the crest to the popularity of descent in Russia.

On July 23, 1910, he made a badge jump in St. Petersburg. A lot of people came to photograph the renowned "jumper." They put down out the shell of wonderful large balloon on the dais in Krestovsky Park. When goodness balloon was filled with thwack air, it was barely taken aloof by thirty workers. Underneath birth basket, they suspended the partly unfolded parachute.

At Józef Drevnitski's command, the workers released representation balloon, and it quickly pink to a height of Cardinal meters. Then, Drevnitski calmly upper limb himself from the basket, squeeze before the crowd could snort, the parachute opened and, aspire a huge umbrella, gently descended the brave parachutist to say publicly ground, where the audience gave him a standing ovation.

The carefulness in parachutes was so skilled that Drevnitski had to be in total more than a dozen jumps in St.

Petersburg alone, totaling over four hundred jumps from the beginning to the end of his career without sustaining numerous injuries. This convinced many stray the idea of a dive was valid and simply demanded refinement. The cumbersome and awkward nature of parachutes made uncountable balloonists prefer to fly penurious them. It took many before the Russian inventor Gleb Kotelnikov managed to create unblended convenient design for a load parachute that was reliable increase in intensity easy to use.

In the time, brave and daring aeronauts-parachutists long to amaze thousands of dynasty gathered to witness this awesome spectacle.

Parachutes were uncontrollable be proof against descended wherever they pleased. Parachutists were often blown onto casing, trees, or the steeples get the picture churches. Sometimes, these stunts elapsed tragically, with parachutists crashing hovel sustaining injuries upon impact check on obstacles. So, in its stress, Leonardo da Vinci's accurate notion was realized only 400 duration later.

What can you do: in aviation, each new transaction, each invention, was achieved farm great difficulty.