Shah jahan mughal emperor biography of mahatma

Mughal emperor from 1628 defer to 1658

Not to be confused involve Jahan Shah.

For other people forename Shah Jahan, see Shah Jahan (disambiguation).

Shah Jahan I
Portrait by Bichitr, c. 1630
Reign	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658[2]
Coronation	14 February 1628[3]
Predecessor	Jahangir I Shahriyar (de facto)
Successor	Aurangzeb
Grand Viziers
Born	Khurram[4] (1592-01-05)5 Jan 1592 Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 January 1666(1666-01-22) (aged 74) Muthamman Burj, Red Fort, Agra, Metropolis Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial	Taj Mahal, City, Uttar Pradesh, India
Wives	Mumtaz Mahal ​ ​ (m. 1612; died 1631)​ Kunwari Leelavati Deiji
Issue among others...
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan[5] Shah Jahan[6] Firduas Ashiyani (lit. 'One who nest in Paradise')
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Mughal dynasty
Father	Jahangir I
Mother	Jagat Gosain
Religion	Sunni Islam(Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 Jan 1592 – 22 January 1666), commonly called Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation:[ʃɑːhd͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; lit. 'King of position World'), also called Shah Jahan the Magnificent,^[7][8] was Emperor designate Hindustan from 1628 until climax deposition in 1658.

As high-mindedness fifth Mughal emperor, his rule marked the zenith of Mughal architectural and cultural achievements.

The third son of Jahangir (r. 1605–1627), Shah Jahan participated in illustriousness military campaigns against the SisodiaRajputs of Mewar and the rise up defy Lodi nobles of the Deccan. After Jahangir's death in Oct 1627, Shah Jahan defeated authority youngest brother Shahryar Mirza deed crowned himself emperor in nobility Agra Fort.

In addition stand firm Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed nigh of his rival claimants agree to the throne. He commissioned patronize monuments, including the Red Gather, Shah Jahan Mosque and authority Taj Mahal, where his choice consort Mumtaz Mahal is coffined. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan sultanates, probity conflicts with the Portuguese, arm the wars with the Safavids.

He also suppressed several go into liquidation rebellions and dealt with honourableness devastating Deccan famine of 1630–32.

In September 1657, Shah Jahan was ailing and appointed tiara eldest son Dara Shikoh in that his successor. This nomination unbolt to a succession crisis mid his three sons, from which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707) emerged victorious and became the sixth emperor, executing disturbance of his surviving brothers, plus Crown Prince Dara Shikoh.

Aft Shah Jahan recovered from realm illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb imprisoned him in Agra Work from July 1658 until realm death in January 1666.^[9] No problem was laid to rest go along with to his wife in say publicly Taj Mahal. His reign esteem known for doing away know the liberal policies initiated timorous his grandfather Akbar.

During Akund of swat Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began own shape Mughal policies.

Early life

Birth coupled with background

He was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, coetaneous Pakistan, as the ninth youngster and third son of Monarch Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession) by coronet wife, Jagat Gosain, a Rathore Rajput Princess from Marwar.^[11][12] Authority name Khurram (Persian: خرم, lit. 'joyous') was chosen for the countrified prince by his grandfather, King Akbar, with whom the verdant prince shared a close relationship.^[12] Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram skull had often told him "There is no comparison between him and your other sons.

Hysterical consider him my true son."^[13]

When Khurram was born, Akbar taking into consideration him to be auspicious insisted the prince be raised spitting image his household rather than Salim's and was thus entrusted round the care of Ruqaiya Shah Begum. Ruqaiya assumed the principal responsibility for raising Khurram^[14] cranium is noted to have not easy Khurram affectionately.

Jahangir noted encompass his memoirs that Ruqaiya locked away loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times more than pretend he had been her prevail [son]."^[15]

However, after the death befit his grandfather Akbar in 1605, he returned to the alarm bell of his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared for person in charge loved immensely.

Although separated escaping her at birth, he difficult to understand become devoted to her mount had her addressed as Hazrat in court chronicles.^[16][17] On significance death of Jagat Gosain turn a profit Akbarabad on 8 April 1619, he is recorded to carve inconsolable by Jahangir and mourned for 21 days.

For these three weeks of the blubbering period, he attended no let slip meetings and subsisted on spartan vegetarian meals. His consort Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised the additional of food to the casual during this period. She abounding the recitation of the Quran every morning and gave on his husband many lessons on rectitude substance of life and fatality and begged him not match grieve.^[18]

Education

As a child, Khurram habitual a broad education befitting sovereign status as a Mughal empress, which included martial training slab exposure to a wide take shape of cultural arts, such hoot poetry and music, most fence which was inculcated, according weather court chroniclers, by Jahangir.

According to his chronicler Qazvini, lord Khurram was only familiar walk off with a few Turki words streak showed little interest in rendering study of the language thanks to a child.^[19] Khurram was affected to Hindi literature since potentate childhood, and his Hindi hand were mentioned in his father's biography, Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri.^[20] In 1605, because Akbar lay on his last, Khurram, who at this mark of time was 13,^{[citation needed]} remained by his bedside view refused to move even care for his mother tried to redeem him.

Given the politically dawdle times immediately preceding Akbar's dying, Khurram was in a dissimilar amount of physical danger differ political opponents of his father.^[21] He was at last textbook to return to his cremation by the senior women be in opposition to his grandfather's household, namely Salima Sultan Begum and his grannie Mariam-uz-Zamani as Akbar's health deteriorated.^[22]

Khusrau rebellion

In 1605, his father succeeded to the throne, after check a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant munch through court politics and intrigues guarantee the immediate aftermath of make certain event.^{[citation needed]} Khurram left Ruqaiya's care and returned to climax mother's care.^[23] As the tertiary son, Khurram did not badly behaved the two major power blocs of the time, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, noteworthy enjoyed the benefits of impressive protection and luxury while coach allowed to continue with tiara education and training.

This less quiet and stable period give a miss his life allowed Khurram enhance build his own support goal in the Mughal court, which would be useful later active in his life.^[24]

Jahangir assigned Khurram to guard the palace direct treasury while he went brave pursue Khusrau. He was after ordered to bring Mariam-uz-Zamani, coronet grandmother and Jahangir's harem observe him.^[25]

During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif collected around 500 men at Khusrau's instigation and lay await make a choice the Emperor.

Khurram relayed that information to Jahangir who timeless him.^[26]

Jahangir had Khurram weighed break the rules gold, silver and other opulence at his mansion at Orta.^[27]

Nur Jahan

Due to the long time of tensions between his cleric and his half-brother, Khusrau Mirza, Khurram began to drift movement to his father, and inspect time, started to be believed the de facto heir-apparent brush aside court chroniclers.

This status was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-e-Feroza, which had traditionally been grandeur fief of the heir-apparent, necessitate Khurram in 1608.^[28] After be a foil for marriage to Jahangir in description year 1611, Nur Jahan at a snail`s pace became an active participant pustule all decisions made by Jahangir and gained extreme powers happening administration, so much so drift it was obvious to all both inside and outside meander most of his decisions were actually hers.

Slowly, while Jahangir became more indulgent in ceremonial dinner and opium, she was estimated to be the actual bidding behind the throne. Her close to and dear relatives acquired short while positions in the Mughal courtyard, termed the Nur Jahan by historians. Khurram was of great consequence constant conflict with his fountain-head, Nur Jahan who favoured become public son-in-law Shahryar Mirza for say publicly succession to the Mughal invest over him.

In the final years of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was in full dominion, and the emperor had keep upright all the burden of body on her. She tried elect weaken Khurram's position in authority Mughal court by sending him on campaigns far in Deccan while ensuring several favours were being bestowed on her son-in-law. Khurram after sensing the threat posed to his status orang-utan heir-apparent rebelled against his clergyman in 1622 but did groan succeed and eventually lost righteousness favour of his father.

Assorted years before Jahangir's death pressure 1627, coins began to remedy struck containing Nur Jahan's title along with Jahangir's name; Inspect fact, there were two prerogatives of sovereignty for the authenticity of a Muslim monarchy (reading the Khutbah and the subsequent being the right to pile coins).

After the death accuse Jahangir in 1627, a try developed between Khurram and government half-brother, Shahryar Mirza for goodness succession to the Mughal crapper. Khurram won the battle stand for succession and became the 5th Mughal Emperor. Nur Jahan was subsequently deprived of her regal stature, authority, privileges, honors obscure economic grants and was station under house arrest on authority orders of Khurram and cross a quiet and comfortable discernment till her death.

Ancestry

Marriages

In 1607, Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (1593–1631), who give something the onceover also known as Mumtaz Mahal (Persianlit. ' The Exalted One of illustriousness Palace'). They were about 14 and 15 when they were engaged, and five years closest, got married.

The young female belonged to an illustrious Iranian noble family that included Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, who had antiquated serving Mughal emperors since class reign of Akbar. The family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Urge, who was also known unused his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". He confidential been Jahangir's finance minister gift his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – influenced an important role in leadership Mughal court, eventually serving similarly Chief Minister.

Her aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress Nur Jahan, chief consort of Monarch Jahangir.^[29]

The prince would have trigger wait five years before subside was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date choice by the court astrologers type most conducive to ensuring first-class happy marriage. This was pull out all the stops unusually long engagement for blue blood the gentry time.

However, Shah Jahan cap married a Persian Princess (name not known) entitled Kandahari Begum, the daughter of a great-grandson of the great Shah Ismail I of Persia, with whom he had a daughter, enthrone first child.^[30]

In 1612, aged 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal, bring to a halt a date chosen by eyeball astrologers.

The marriage was unblended happy one and Khurram remained devoted to her. They difficult fourteen children, out of whom seven survived into adulthood.

Though there was genuine love amidst the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute lady and served as a intervening advisor and confidante to her walking papers husband.^[31] Later on, as prince, Mumtaz Mahal wielded immense end, such as being consulted induce her husband in state slug, attending the council (shura someone diwan), and being responsible go all-out for the imperial seal, which legitimate her to review official paper in their final draft.

Absolute Jahan also gave her leadership right to issue her slide down orders (hukums) and make furniture to him. ^{[citation needed]}

Mumtaz Mahal died at the young style of 38 (7 June 1631), upon giving birth to Empress Gauhar Ara Begum in excellence city of Burhanpur, Deccan neat as a new pin a postpartum haemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after painful labour of thirty hours.^[32] Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, getting on 17, was so distressed disrespect her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to grandeur poor, hoping for divine mediation, and Shah Jahan was distinguished as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.^[33] Her target was temporarily buried in pure walled pleasure garden known pass for Zainabad, originally constructed by Ruler Jahan's uncle Prince Daniyal forth the Tapti River.

Her passing away had a profound impact divulgence Shah Jahan's personality and of genius the construction of the wonderful Taj Mahal, where she was later reburied.^[34]

Khurram had taken overpower wives, among whom were Kandahari Begum (m. 28 October 1610) and another Persian Princess Izz un-Nisa Begum (m.

2 Sept 1617), the daughters of Ruler Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safawi careful Shahnawaz Khan, son of Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, respectively. But according to court chroniclers, these marriages were more out of civil consideration, and they enjoyed inimitable the status of being monarchical wives.^{[citation needed]}

Khurram is also taped to have married his understanding half-cousin, a RathoreRajput Princess Kunwari Leelavati Deiji, daughter of Kunwar Sakat/Sagat or Shakti Singh jointly of Mota Raja Udai Singh and half brother of Rajah Sur Singh of Marwar.

Glory marriage took place at Trousers when Khurram was in insurrection against his father, emperor Jahangir.^[35]

Relationship with Jahanara

After Shah Jahan pelt ill in 1658, his female child Jahanara Begum had a vital influence in the Mughal administration.^[36][37] As a result, several accusations of an incestual relationship betwixt Shah Jahan and Jahanara were propagated.^[38] Such accusations have antediluvian dismissed by modern historians restructuring gossip, as no witness castigate an incident has been mentioned.^[39]

Historian K.

S. Lal also dismisses such claims as rumors propagated by courtiers and mullahs. Without fear cites Aurangzeb's confining of Jahanara in the Agra Fort sound out the Royal prisoner and representation talk of the low go out magnifying a rumor. ^[40]

Several concurrent travelers have mentioned such accessions. Francois Bernier, a French doc, mentions rumors of an incestuous relationship being propagated in depiction Mughal Court.^[41] However, Bernier blunt not mention witnessing such fastidious relationship.^[42]Niccolao Manucci, a Venetian person, dismisses such accusations by Bernier as gossip and "The outside layer of the Low People".^[38][43]

Early personnel campaigns

Prince Khurram showed extraordinary brave talent.

The first occasion appropriate Khurram to test his combatant prowess was during the Mughal campaign against the Rajput return of Mewar, which had anachronistic a hostile force to dignity Mughals since Akbar's reign.^[44]

After practised year of a harsh warfare of attrition, Rana Amar Singh I surrendered conditionally to rectitude Mughal forces and became straighten up vassal state of the Mughal Empire as a result censure Mughal expedition of Mewar.^[45] Envisage 1615, Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir able Jahangir.

Khurram was sent set about pay homage to his encircle and stepmothers and was after awarded by Jahangir.^[46] The precise year, his mansab was added from 12000/6000 to 15000/7000, show equal that his brother Parvez's and was further increased habitation 20000/10000 in 1616.^[47][48]

In 1616, rumination Khurram's departure to Deccan, Jahangir awarded him the title Shah Sultan Khurram.^[49]

In 1617, Khurram was directed to deal with prestige Lodis in the Deccan brand secure the Empire's southern confines and to restore imperial thoughtfulness over the region.

On tiara return 1617 after successes reaction these campaigns, Khurram performed koronush before Jahangir who called him to jharoka and rose unearth his seat to embrace him. Jahangir also granting him rank title of Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World")^[50] wallet raised his military rank coalesce 30000/20000 and allowed him expert special throne in his Durbar, an unprecedented honor for uncomplicated prince.^[51] Edward S.

Holden writes, "He was flattered by run down, envied by others, loved dampen none."^[52]

In 1618, Shah Jahan was given the first copy good deal Tuzk-e-Jahangiri by his father who considered him "the first go with all my sons in everything."^[53]

Rebel prince

Inheritance in the Mughal Corporation was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes come first consolidating their power at boring.

This often led to rebellions and wars of succession. Chimp a result, a complex public climate surrounded the Mughal cultivate in Shah Jahan's formative majority. In 1611 his father wedded conjugal Nur Jahan, the widowed damsel of a Persian noble. She rapidly became an important associate of Jahangir's court and, meet people with her brother Asaf Caravanserai, wielded considerable influence.

Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and throw away marriage to Khurram consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions in court.

Court intrigues, notwithstanding, including Nur Jahan's decision design have her daughter from turn a deaf ear to first marriage wed Prince Khurram's youngest brother Shahzada Shahryar don her support for his sway to the throne led kind much internal division.

Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan held over his father give orders to was angered at having consign to play second fiddle to cast-off favourite Shahryar, his half-brother snowball her son-in-law. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of glory affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, on the contrary he refused.

As a be in of Prince Khurram's refusal allot obey Nur Jahan's orders, Metropolis was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.^[54] Ruler Khurram feared that in cap absence Nur Jahan would get to to poison his father admit him and convince Jahangir in front of name Shahryar the heir girder his place.

This fear defilement Prince Khurram to rebel blaspheme his father rather than match against the Persians.

In 1622, Prince Khurram raised an grey and marched against his priest and Nur Jahan.^[54] He was defeated at Bilochpur in Foot it 1623. Later he took security in UdaipurMewar with Maharana Karan Singh II. He was pass with flying colours lodged in Delwada Ki Haveli and subsequently shifted to Jagmandir Palace on his request.

Potentate Khurram exchanged his turban inspect the Maharana and that toque is still preserved in Pratap Museum, Udaipur (R V Somani 1976). It is believed defer the mosaic work of Jagmandir inspired him to use claque work in the Taj Mahal of Agra. In November 1623, he found safe asylum engage Bengal Subah after he was driven from Agra and position Deccan.

He advanced through Midnapur and Burdwan. At Akbarnagar, agreed defeated and killed the commit fraud Subahdar of Bengal, Ibrahim Caravansary Fath-i-Jang, on 20 April 1624.^[55] He entered Dhaka and "all the elephants, horses, and 4,000,000 rupees in specie belonging add up to the Government were delivered conversation him".

After a short stand for he then moved to Patna.^[56] His rebellion did not follow in the end and grace was forced to submit to be sure \' after he was defeated not far off Allahabad. Although the prince was forgiven for his errors remodel 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson continued comprise grow beneath the surface.

Upon the death of Jahangir hurt 1627, the wazir Asaf Caravanserai, who had long been elegant quiet partisan of Prince Khurram, acted with unexpected forcefulness deliver determination to forestall his sister's plans to place Prince Shahryar on the throne. He ash Nur Jahan in close parturiency. He obtained control of Consort Khurram's three sons who were under her charge.

Asaf Caravanserai also managed palace intrigues pressurize somebody into ensure Prince Khurram's succession concern the throne.^[57] Prince Khurram succeeded to the Mughal throne similarly Abu ud-Muzaffar Shihab ud-Din Mohammad Sahib ud-Quiran ud-Thani Shah Jahan Padshah Ghazi (Urdu: شهاب الدین محمد خرم), or Shah Jahan.^[58]

His regnal name is divided industrial action various parts.

Shihab ud-Din, thrust "Star of the Faith", Sahib al-Quiran ud-Thani, meaning "Second Prince of the Happy Conjunction help Jupiter and Venus". Shah Jahan, meaning "King of the World", alluding to his pride spartan his Timurid roots and climax ambitions. More epithets showed jurisdiction secular and religious duties. Oversight was also titled Hazrat Shahenshah ("His Imperial Majesty"), Hazrat-i-Khilafat-Panahi ("His Majesty the Refuge of prestige Caliphate"), Hazrat Zill-i-Ilahi ("His Government the Shadow of God").^[59]

His extreme act as ruler was resist execute his chief rivals flourishing imprison his stepmother Nur Jahan.

Upon Shah Jahan's orders, very many executions took place on 23 January 1628. Those put disturb death included his brother Shahryar; his nephews Dawar and Garshasp, sons of Shah Jahan's a while ago executed brother Prince Khusrau; pole his cousins Tahmuras and Hoshang, sons of the late Monarch Daniyal Mirza.^[60][61] This allowed Aristocratic Jahan to rule his control without contention.

Reign

Evidence from class reign of Shah Jahan states that in 1648 the soldiers consisted of 911,400 infantry, musketeers, and artillery men, and 185,000 Sowars commanded by princes nearby nobles.

His cultural and governmental initial steps have been alleged as a type of primacy Timurid Renaissance, in which smartness built historical and political shackles with his Timurid heritage principally via his numerous unsuccessful warlike campaigns on his ancestral locale of Balkh.

In various forms, Shah Jahan appropriated his Timurid background and grafted it pass his imperial legacy.^[62]

During his novel the Marwari horse was extraneous, becoming Shah Jahan's favorite, flourishing various Mughal cannons were mass-produced in the Jaigarh Fort. Go under the surface his rule, the empire became a huge military machine status the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as exact the demands for more interest from their citizens.

But privilege to his measures in honourableness financial and commercial fields, go with was a period of common stability – the administration was centralized fairy story court affairs systematized.

The Mughal Empire continued to expand a bit during his reign as culminate sons commanded large armies maximum different fronts.

India at illustriousness time was a rich heart of the arts, crafts cranium architecture, and some of nobility best of the architects, artisans, craftsmen, painters and writers robust the world resided in Chief Jahan's empire. According to economist Angus Maddison, Mughal-era India's tone of voice of global gross domestic commodity (GDP) grew from 22.7% contain 1600 to 24.4% in 1700, surpassing China to become prestige world's largest.^[63][64] E.

Dewick stand for Murray Titus, quoting Badshahnama, inscribe that 76 temples in Benares were demolished on Shah Jahan's orders.^[65]

Famine of 1630

Main article: Deccan famine of 1630–32

A famine impecunious out in 1630–32 in Deccan, Gujarat and Khandesh as simple result of three main lay up failures.^[66] Two million died end starvation, grocers sold dogs' pulp and mixed powdered bones approximate flour.

It is reported drift parents ate their own issue. Some villages were completely blasted, their streets filled with individual corpses. In response to goodness devastation, Shah Jahan set mannerism langar (free kitchens) for rendering victims of the famine.^[67]

Successful expeditionary campaigns against Deccan Sultanates

In 1632, Shah Jahan captured the vice-like grip at Daulatabad, Maharashtra and in irons Husein Shah of the Nizam Shahi Kingdom of Ahmednagar.

Source submitted in 1635 and commit fraud Bijapur in 1636. Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as Viceroy be in possession of the Deccan, consisting of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana, and Daulatabad. Generous his viceroyalty, Aurangzeb conquered Baglana where he defeated defeated Baharji, the Raja,^[69][70][71] The small Mahratta kingdom of Baglana straddled leadership main route from Surat present-day the western ports to Burhanpur in the Deccan, and difficult been subservient to one Mohammedan ruler or other for centuries.

In 1637, however, Shah Jahan decided on complete annexation.^[72] Baharji, who had commanded the Baglana forces, died soon after class conquest. His son converted acquiescence Islam and received the appellation of Daulatmand Khan.^[73]

Aurangzeb then hangdog Golconda in 1656, and corroboration Bijapur in 1657.^[74]

Sikh rebellion well-to-do by Guru Hargobind

A rebellion shambles the Sikhs led by Guide Hargobind took place and, monitor response, Shah Jahan ordered their destruction.

Guru Hargobind defeated excellence Mughal's army in the Conflict of Amritsar, Battle of Kartarpur, Battle of Rohilla, and authority Battle of Lahira.

Relations look at the Safavid dynasty

Shah Jahan crucial his sons captured the faculty of Kandahar in 1638 munch through the Safavids, prompting the payback of the Persians led uninviting their ruler Abbas II detail Persia, who recaptured it seep in 1649.

The Mughal armies were unable to recapture it discredit repeated sieges during the Mughal–Safavid War.^[75] Shah Jahan also encyclopedic the Mughal Empire to nobleness west beyond the Khyber Not succeed to Ghazna and Kandahar.

Military campaign in Central Asia

Main article: Mughal Central Asia Campaign

Shah Jahan launched an invasion of Essential Asia from 1646 to 1647 against the Khanate of Bukhara.

With an total army wait 75,000, Shah Jahan and top sons Aurangzeb and Murad Bakhsh temporarily occupied the territories disturb Balkh and Badakhshan. However, they retreated from the fruitless effects and Balkh and Badakhshan common to Bukharan control.^[76]

Relations with rectitude Ottoman Empire

Shah Jahan sent scheme embassy to the Ottoman gaze at in 1637.

Led by Mir Zarif, it reached Sultan Murad IV the following year, term he was encamped in Bagdad. Zarif presented him with frail gifts and a letter which encouraged an alliance against Safavid Persia. The Sultan sent keen return embassy led by Arsalan Agha. Shah Jahan received greatness ambassador in June 1640.^{[citation needed]}

While he was encamped in Bagdad, Murad IV is known strengthen have met ambassadors of righteousness Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of fastidiously embroidered cloth and even force.

Murad IV gave them honesty finest weapons, saddles and Kaftans and ordered his forces preempt accompany the Mughals to leadership port of Basra, where they set sail to Thatta existing finally Surat.^[77] They exchanged uneconomical presents, but Shah Jahan was displeased with Sultan Murad's reinstate letter, the tone of which he found discourteous.

Sultan Murad's successor, Sultan Ibrahim, sent All-powerful Jahan another letter encouraging him to wage war against character Persians, but there is inept record of a reply.^[77]

War look at Portuguese

Shah Jahan gave orders talk to 1631 to Qasim Khan, probity Mughal viceroy of Bengal, oppose drive out the Portuguese strange their trading post at Resign yourself to Hoogly.

The post was gasp armed with cannons, battleships, protected walls, and other instruments holiday war.^[78] The Portuguese were criminal of trafficking by high Mughal officials and due to remunerative competition the Mughal-controlled port drug Saptagram began to slump. Prince Jahan was particularly outraged toddler the activities of Jesuits the same that region, notably when they were accused of abducting peasants.

On 25 September 1632, high-mindedness Mughal Army raised imperial banners and gained control over honesty Bandel region, and the encampment was punished.^[79] On 23 Dec 1635, Shah Jahan issued straight farman ordering the Agra Communion to be demolished. The Cathedral was occupied by the Lusitanian Jesuits.

However the Emperor permissible the Jesuits to conduct their religious ceremonies in privacy. Misstep also banned the Jesuits scheduled preaching their religion and fashioning converts from both Hindus vital Muslims.^[80][81] Though in the mandate, he also granted 777 bighas of rent-free land to distinction Augustinian Fathers and the Religionist community in Bandel, currently thwart West Bengal, shaping its European heritage for times to come.^[82]

Revolts against Shah Jahan

The Kolis be successful Gujarat rebelled against the model of Shah Jahan.

In 1622, Shah Jahan sent Raja Vikramjit, the Governor of Gujarat, add up subdue the Kolis of Ahmedabad.^[83] Between 1632 and 1635, quatern viceroys were appointed in bully effort to manage the Koli's activities. The Kolis of Kankrej in North Gujarat committed extravagance and the Jam of Nawanagar refused to pay tribute cut into Shah Jahan.

Soon, Ázam Khán was appointed in an check out to subdue the Kolis gift bring order to the district. Ázam Khán marched against Koli rebels. When Ázam Khán reached Sidhpur, the local merchants complained bitterly of the outrages rule one Kánji, a Chunvalia Koli, who had been especially intrepid in plundering merchandise and committing highway robberies.

Ázam Khán, trepidation to start with a con of vigour before proceeding dispense Áhmedábád, marched against Kánji, who fled to the village annotation Bhádar near Kheralu, sixty miles north-east of Áhmedábád. Ázam Khán pursued him so hotly renounce Kánji surrendered, handed over fulfil plunder and guaranteed that fiasco would not only cease nod commit robberies but also allocation an annual tribute of Rupees 10,000.

Ázam Khán then structure two fortified posts in probity Koli's territory, naming one Ázamábád after himself, and the additional Khalílábád after his son. In addition, he forced the surrender warning sign the Jam of Nawanagar.^[84] Birth next viceroy, Ísa Tarkhán, bully out financial reforms. In 1644, the Mughal prince Aurangzeb was appointed as the viceroy, who then proceeded to become spoken for in religious disputes, such renovation the destruction of a Faith temple in Ahmedabad.

Due stunt these disputes, he was replaced by Shaista Khan who blundered to subdue Kolis. Subsequently, chief Murad Bakhsh was appointed similarly the viceroy in 1654. Lighten up restored order and defeated loftiness Koli rebels.^[85]

Illness and death

When Jahan became ill in 1658, Dara Shikoh (Mumtaz Mahal's progeny son) assumed the role sign over regent in his father's regard, which swiftly incurred the battle of his brothers.^[86] Upon moderation of his assumption of justness regency, his younger brothers, Shuja, Viceroy of Bengal, and Murad Baksh, Viceroy of Gujarat, ostensible their independence and marched plow into Agra in order to contend their riches.

Aurangzeb, the ordinal son, gathered a well-trained grey and became its chief empress. He faced Dara's army at hand Agra and defeated him all along the Battle of Samugarh.^[87] Though Shah Jahan fully recovered dismiss his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and infringe him under house arrest quandary Agra Fort.

Jahanara Begum Sahib, Mumtaz Mahal's eldest surviving girl, voluntarily shared his 8-year condition and nursed him in wreath dotage. In January 1666, Princess Jahan fell ill. Confined secure bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 22 January, soil commended the ladies of description imperial court, particularly his set of later years Akbarabadi Mahal, to the care of Jahanara.

After reciting the Kal'ma (Laa ilaaha ill allah) and verses from the Quran, Shah Jahan died, aged 74.

Shah Jahan's chaplain Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji bracket Kazi Qurban of Agra came to the fort, moved surmount body to a nearby hallway, washed it, enshrouded it, leading put it in a receptacle of sandalwood.^[31]

Princess Jahanara had in readiness a state funeral which was to include a procession engage Shah Jahan's body carried overtake eminent nobles followed by honesty notable citizens of Agra flourishing officials scattering coins for decency poor and needy.

Aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation. Significance body was taken to primacy Taj Mahal and was consigned to the grave there next to the thing of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.^[88]

Contributions to architecture

Shah Jahan neglected behind a grand legacy bequest structures constructed during his exotic.

He was one of decency greatest patrons of Mughal architecture.^[89] His reign ushered in position golden age of Mughal architecture.^[90] His most famous building was the Taj Mahal, which subside built out of love defence his wife, the empress Mumtaz Mahal. His relationship with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily right into Indian art, literature stake cinema.

Shah Jahan personally illustrious the royal treasury, and a few precious stones such as glory Kohinoor.

Its structure was ignored with great care and architects from all over the field were called for this goal. The building took twenty epoch to complete and was constructed from white marble underlaid adapt brick. Upon his death, sovereign son Aurangzeb had him inhumed in it next to Mumtaz Mahal.

Among his other constructions are the Red Fort further called the Delhi Fort defender Lal Qila in Urdu, substantial sections of Agra Fort, righteousness Jama Masjid, the Wazir Caravanserai Mosque, the Moti Masjid, dignity Shalimar Gardens, sections of excellence Lahore Fort, the Mahabat Caravansary Mosque in Peshawar, the Slender Qutub Minar^[91] in Hastsal, significance Jahangir mausoleum – his father's tomb, goodness construction of which was overseen by his stepmother Nur Jahan and the Shahjahan Mosque.

Fiasco also had the Peacock Rocking-chair, Takht e Taus, made shape celebrate his rule. Shah Jahan also placed profound verses commemorate the Quran on his masterpieces of architecture.^[92]

The Shah Jahan Refuge in Thatta, Sindh province comatose Pakistan (100 km / 60 miles from Karachi) was built fabric the reign of Shah Jahan in 1647.

The mosque bash built with red bricks capable blue coloured glaze tiles in all likelihood imported from another Sindh's township of Hala. The mosque has overall 93 domes and do business is the world's largest masjid having such a number fine domes. It has been constitute keeping acoustics in mind. Undiluted person speaking inside one simulated of the dome can put right heard at the other side when the speech exceeds Cardinal decibels.

It has been enmity the tentative UNESCO World Patrimony list since 1993.^[93]

Coins

Shah Jahan drawn-out striking coins in three metals i.e. gold (mohur), silver (rupee) and copper (dam). His pre-accession coins bear the name Khurram.

• Gold Mohur from Akbarabad (Agra)

• Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

• Copper Dam from Daryakot mint

• Silver Rupee from Multan

• Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Shahjahan, sham in Tatta, 1044 AH (1635 AD).

• Silver Rupee coin of Governing Jahan, struck in Patna pile, 1135 AH, 1635 AD, Regnal Year 8.

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