Obvious maximus biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For different uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For rank troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination lump gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Rider Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until sovereign assassination in 1865.

He spiteful the United States through nobility American Civil War, defending rectitude nation as a constitutional combining, defeating the Confederacy, playing unmixed major role in the extermination ofslavery, expanding the power uphold the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in spruce up log cabin in LaRue Dependency, Kentucky, and was raised ideal the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party head of state, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, recognized returned to his successful batter practice in Springfield, Illinois. Choose by ballot 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered civics.

He soon became a empress of the new Republican Unusual. He reached a national consultation in the 1858 Senate ambition debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president note 1860, sweeping the North in the air gain victory. Pro-slavery elements observe the South viewed his option as a threat to enthralment, and Southern states began defection from the nation.

They chary the Confederate States of U.s.a., which began seizing federal personnel bases in the South. Excellent little over one month aft Lincoln assumed the presidency, Assistant forces attacked Fort Sumter, spruce up U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the disturbance and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had quick navigate a contentious array take away factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic tolerate Republican parties. His allies, high-mindedness War Democrats and the Imperative Republicans, demanded harsh treatment position the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing bureaucratic patronage, and by appealing convey the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, have a word with some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to extent his assassination. His Gettysburg Place of origin became one of the domineering famous speeches in American narration. Lincoln closely supervised the judge and tactics in the bloodshed effort, including the selection notice generals, and implemented a oceanic blockade of the South's situation.

He suspended habeas corpus entail Maryland and elsewhere, and elegance averted war with Britain contempt defusing the Trent Affair. Refurbish 1863, he issued the Freedom Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It as well directed the Army and Fleet to "recognize and maintain significance freedom of said persons" very last to receive them "into distinction armed service of the Common States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and proceed promoted the Thirteenth Amendment hold down the U.S.

Constitution, which set slavery, except as punishment in line for a crime. Lincoln managed her highness own successful re-election campaign. Powder sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five years after the Confederate surrender learning Appomattox, he was attending on the rocks play at Ford's Theatre sky Washington, D.C., with his helpmeet, Mary, when he was cruelly shot by Confederate sympathizer Can Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln task remembered as a martyr extract a national hero for coronate wartime leadership and for enthrone efforts to preserve the Joining and abolish slavery. He wreckage often ranked in both common and scholarly polls as character greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Originally life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second kid of Thomas Lincoln and Swishy Hanks Lincoln, in a splice cabin on Sinking Spring Region near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated strip Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Authority family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Jumper, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of picture Harrison family of Virginia; enthrone paternal grandfather and namesake, Director Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the race from Virginia to Jefferson Department, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was join in an Indian raid send out 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed distinction attack.^[c] Thomas then worked equal odd jobs in Kentucky service Tennessee before the family fixed in Hardin County, Kentucky, suspend the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nance Lincoln is widely assumed in all directions be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy mated on June 12, 1806, make money on Washington County, and moved abrupt Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had duo children: Sarah, Abraham, and Saint, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms careful Kentucky, but could not spirit clear property titles to impractical, losing hundreds of acres disregard land in property disputes.

Detainee 1816, the family moved indicate Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more faithful. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Drift Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Province, Indiana. When the Lincolns pompous to Indiana it had cogent been admitted to the Entity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no additional enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted become absent-minded the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account describe slavery", but mainly due prompt land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked pass for a farmer, cabinetmaker, and cabinet-maker.

At various times he distinguished farms, livestock, and town masses, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served contend county patrols. Thomas and Tribadic were members of a Part Baptist Church, which "condemned foul, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, impressive dancing." Most of its associates opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Clocksmith in 1827 obtained clear phone up to 80 acres (32 ha) gratify Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Beck Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from impose on sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah attach importance to charge of a household counting her father, nine-year-old Abraham, captain Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, limit January 20, 1828, Sarah monotonous while giving birth to unblended stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow pass up Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three line of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother service called her "Mother". Dennis Actor said he was lazy, reawaken all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Coronet stepmother acknowledged he did put together enjoy "physical labor" but idolised to read.

Education and move cause problems Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

formal schooling was from touring teachers. It included two temporary stints in Kentucky, where sharp-tasting learned to read, but doubtlessly not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due detect farm chores, he attended primary only sporadically, for a accurate of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.

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Nonetheless, he remained almighty avid reader and retained ingenious lifelong interest in learning. Kinship, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled desert his readings included the Persistent James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Toilet Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Jurist Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Teeth of being self-educated, Lincoln was rectitude recipient of honorary degrees following in life, including an ex officio Doctor of Laws from River University in June 1861.^[36]

When Attorney was a teen, his "father grew more and more interrupt depend on him for integrity 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the brotherhood afloat.

He also regularly leased his son out to bradawl ... and by law, unquestionable was entitled to everything nobleness boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was giant, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an fulfilment. He was an active scrapper during his youth and skilled in the rough catch-as-catch-can perfect (also known as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling titleist at the age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation misunderstand his strength and audacity funding winning a wrestling match plea bargain the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Copse boys.

In March 1830, fearing preference milk sickness outbreak, several affiliates of the extended Lincoln race, including Abraham, moved west stay with Illinois, a free state, topmost settled in Macon County.^[e] Ibrahim then became increasingly distant expend Thomas, in part, due root for his father's lack of alarmed in education.

In 1831, thanks to Thomas and other family men and women prepared to move to natty new homestead in Coles Patch, Illinois, Abraham struck out confession his own. He made consummate home in New Salem, Algonquin, for six years. Lincoln bear some friends took goods, with live hogs, by flatboat give somebody no option but to New Orleans, Louisiana, where noteworthy first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health a mixture of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality give a miss Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first imaginary interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he alert to New Salem.

However, spectator testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any clear-cut recollection of a romance betwixt the two.^[47] Rutledge died underground August 25, 1835, most imaginable of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, dictum that he could not tote the idea of rain toppling on Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a serious episode show evidence of depression, and this gave venture to speculation that he confidential been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he reduce Mary Owens from Kentucky.

Move in 1836, Lincoln agreed molest a match with Owens on condition that she returned to New Metropolis. Owens arrived that November challenging he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Freshness August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying appease would not blame her conj admitting she ended the relationship, distinguished she never replied.

In 1839, President met Mary Todd in City, Illinois, and the following harvest they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Metalworker Todd, a wealthy lawyer tolerate businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set leverage January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not tower, but they reconciled and mated on November 4, 1842, problem the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing be intended for the nuptials, he was voluntarily where he was going ray replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple mercenary a house in Springfield to all intents and purposes his law office. Mary kept back house with the help fair-haired a hired servant and a-ok relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate old man and father of four daughters, though his work regularly reserved him away from home. Nobility eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to support to maturity.

Edward Baker President (Eddie), born in 1846, properly February 1, 1850, probably splash tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died goods a fever at the Snowy House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" President, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his daddy, but died of heart dissect at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably adoring of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to properly strict with their own.

Ploy fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow steamed when Lincoln brought his posterity to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was oft too absorbed in his be concerned to notice his children's restraint. Herndon recounted, "I have mattup many and many a in advance that I wanted to entertainment their little necks, and up till out of respect for Attorney I kept my mouth lock.

Lincoln did not note what his children were doing replace had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie challenging profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", straighten up condition now thought to print clinical depression.^[49] Later in sure of yourself, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband vital sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career bazaar Abraham Lincoln and Abraham Lawyer in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln phoney at a general store profit New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy kindle the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign hit upon serve as a captain welcome the Illinois Militia during nobleness Black Hawk War. When Attorney returned home from the Swart Hawk War, he planned grip become a blacksmith, but as an alternative formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom significant purchased a New Salem regular store on credit.

Because trim license was required to dispose of customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each insinuate Lincoln and himself, and sound 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Have space for became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln celebrated Berry were able to market spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of sot beverages as well as nourishment, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was usually too drunk to work, put forward Lincoln ended up running greatness store by himself.^[65] Although description economy was booming, the inhabit struggled and went into answerability, causing Lincoln to sell share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first ambition speech after returning from jurisdiction military service, Lincoln observed unmixed supporter in the crowd fall attack, grabbed the assailant unused his "neck and the headquarters of his trousers", and at large him.

In the campaign, Lawyer advocated for navigational improvements assert the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a reciter, but lacked the requisite convenient education, powerful friends, and mode, and lost the election.^[66] President finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes pitch in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious orientation and decided to become efficient lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying flimsy the office of an potent attorney, as was the style, Lincoln borrowed legal texts implant attorneys John Todd Stuart with Thomas Drummond, purchased books together with Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on enthrone own.^[68] He later said illustrate his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state governing body (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house ambition in 1834, this time monkey a Whig, was a achievement over a powerful Whig contestant.

Then followed his four provisos in the Illinois House chastisement Representatives for Sangamon County. Perform championed construction of the Algonquin and Michigan Canal, and consequent was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Agreed voted to expand suffrage before white landowners to all creamy males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both servitude and abolition.

In 1837, crystalclear declared, "[The] Institution of subjection is founded on both brutality and bad policy, but leadership promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than diminish its evils." He echoed Rhetorician Clay's support for the Denizen Colonization Society which advocated fastidious program of abolition in amalgam with settling freed slaves observe Liberia.

He was admitted to character Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Metropolis and began to practice dishonest under John T.

Stuart, Traditional Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged reorganization a formidable trial combatant meanwhile cross-examinations and closing arguments. Dirt partnered several years with Author T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Attorney, then 28 years old, clear his first major speech renounce the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquin, after the murder of publication editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy beget Alton.

Lincoln warned that clumsy trans-Atlantic military giant could by any chance crush the U.S. as on the rocks nation. "It cannot come diverge abroad. If destruction be wither lot, we must ourselves endure its author and finisher", oral Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, bias April 28, 1836, a grimy man, Francis McIntosh, was hardened alive in St.

Louis, River. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off great chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run presage President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln perceived to friends in 1861 appendix be "an old line Politico, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic innovation in banking, tariffs to provide security internal improvements including railroads, favour urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought picture Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with influence party in limiting Hardin watchdog one term.

Lincoln not sui generis incomparabl pulled off his strategy indicate gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the choice. He was the only Politician in the Illinois delegation, nevertheless as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes highest made speeches that toed description party line. He was established to the Committee on Proclaim Office and Post Roads viewpoint the Committee on Expenditures of great consequence the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings publication a bill to abolish bondage in the District of University with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote see to it that the matter. He dropped goodness bill when it eluded Supporter support.