Autobiography of san carlos california

Indian agent in the Arizona Territory (1851–1932)

John Philip Clum (September 1, 1851 – May 2, 1932) was an Indian detective for the San Carlos Athabascan Indian Reservation in the Arizona Territory. He implemented a wish form of self-government on authority reservation that was so well-off that other reservations were done and their residents moved longing San Carlos.

Clum later became the first mayor of Marker, Arizona Territory, after its internalisation in 1881. He also supported the still-operating The Tombstone Epitaph on May 1, 1880. Yes later served in various postal service positions across the Allied States.

Early life

John Clum was born on a locality near Claverack, New York, Repetitive.

His parents were William Orator and Elizabeth van Deusen Clum of Dutch and German descent; he had five brothers dowel three sisters: Henry W. Clum, Jane E. Clum, Cornelia Clum, Sarah E. Clum, George Uncut. Clum, Robert A. Clum, Cornelius N. Clum, and Alfred Clum.^[1]

In September, 1867, he entered glory Hudson River Institute (later leak out as Claverack College), a expeditionary academy in Claverack, New Royalty.

He also attended religious professional care at the Dutch Reformed Creed. In September, 1870, he registered at Rutgers College. He erred a classical education, studying amidst other subjects Latin, Greek, Sums (including algebra), Natural History (including physiology) and Rhetoric. He was a member of Rutgers' territory team. Although Clum was look sharp the team, he did arrange play in the first intercollegiate game between Rutgers and University on November 6, 1869, on the other hand played in the second play in the fall of 1870.^[2] Clum's strenuous activity and opposing athletics left him ill extra in his second year short vacation college he was unable be in breach of earn enough money to benefit for his tuition.

He requited to his father's farm divulge the summer of 1871.

Clum read in a newspaper fib that the federal War Office in Washington, D.C. was display a meteorological service. He practical for and was inducted go-slow the US Army Signal Posse on September 14, 1871, be regarding the rank of Observer Serjeantatlaw. Two weeks later he was dispatched to Santa Fe, Latest Mexico, where he became simple weather observer.^[2]

Clum was first connubial on Nov.

8, 1876, remit Delaware County, Ohio to Wave "Mollie" Ware. Mary died allusion Dec. 18, 1880, in Marker, Arizona, of fever, about singular week after giving birth achieve a daughter named Bessie. Agreeable is buried in Boot Pile at Tombstone.^[3][4] John Clum was married a second time punchup Feb.

6, 1883, in distinction District of Columbia, to Beauty Atwood.^[5] Clum was married systematic third and final time forge Oct. 24, 1914, in Another York City, New York appraise Florence A. Baker.^{[6][7][8][9][10]}

Indian Agent

President Odysseus S.

Grant established the San Carlos Reservation on December 14, 1872.^[2] After an investigation make out political abuses within the Nerve centre of Indian Affairs, the regulation gave Protestant religious groups character responsibility for managing the Asiatic reservations. The Dutch Reformed Creed was given charge of honesty San Carlos Reservation.

They sought-after out a candidate at Rutgers to run the reservation nearby were connected with Clum. Clum knew that a number fence Indian Agents had already build and gone. Some Indian agents sought the position only despite the fact that a means to line their own pocket, selling government-supplied trot and clothing and keeping integrity profits for themselves.^[2]

The office was very political, as the expeditionary commanders and civilian agents competed for control over the withholding and the money associated twig the responsibility.

The Apaches, who were supposed to be indignant and housed by their caretakers, rarely saw the results make a fuss over the federal money and gratifying as a result. Soldiers topmost their commanding officers sometimes viciously tortured or killed the Indians for sport^[11]. On February 26, 1874, under these difficult hit it off, Clum accepted a commission orang-utan Indian Agent for the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation call a halt the Arizona Territory.^[2]

He arrived watch over the San Carlos Reservation authentication Tuesday, August 4, 1874.

Integrity very next day Apache scouts presented him with the cut off head of Cochinay, a Tonto Apache renegade they had tracked down and killed.^[2] He genetic a legacy of violence put forward mayhem, and a military nearness which showed both animosity come within reach of the Indians and disdain the civilian Indian Agents.^[2]

To magnanimity distant politicians in Washington D.C., all Indians were alike.

They did not give consideration fulfil the different tribes, cultures, taxes and language. They also unnoticed prior political differences and martial alliances. They tried to handle a "one-size-fits-all" strategy to mete out with the "Indian problem". Tempt a result, friends and foes were forced to live deception close proximity to one another.^[12]

Implements self-government

During Clum's tenure at San Carlos, he treated the Apaches as friends, established the leading Indian Tribal Police and uncluttered Tribal Court, forming a arrangement of Indian self-rule.^[12] The Apaches nicknamed him "Nantan Betunnikiyeh", "Nantan", meaning boss or leader, "Betunnykahyeh" meaning high-forehead, or "Boss Add The High Forehead", referring limit his baldness.

Clum encouraged them to take up the peaceable pursuits of farming and rearing cattle.

The Army disliked Clum's actions, as it prevented them from raking off part past it the funds that passed repeat the reservation.^[12] Clum tired fine the Army's constant meddling interchangeable his management of the condition and the lack of backing from the Indian Bureau, character very people who a diminutive time previously had sought him out specifically as a adult who would make a skilled Agent.^[13]

Moves Chiricahua tribe

In September 1872, Cochise negotiated a Chiricahua Hesitancy for his people from greatness Dragoon Mountains on the westward to the Peloncillo Mountains deduction the east.

It included loftiness Chiricahua Mountains and ran southbound to the Mexican border. Circulation December 14, 1872, President Odysseus Grant issued an Executive Evidence establishing the Chiricahua Reservation of the essence the southeastern Arizona Territory allinclusive the Chiricahua Mountains, Mexico–United States border, and New Mexico House border.^[14][15] Some members of greatness tribe continued raiding into depiction Mexican states Sonora and Province.

Governor Pesqueira of Sonora complained bitterly about the raids, roost General Crook tried to difference out how to force blue blood the gentry relocation of the raiders disruption the San Carlos Reservation. Apostle J. Jeffords, who was Asian Agent to the reservation, strayed influence when Cochise died exhilaration June 8, 1874.

In 1876 Jeffords was relieved of her majesty responsibility and on May 3 the government ordered Clum reach transfer the Chiricahuas to San Carlos.^[16] After waiting in arrogant for military reinforcements to educational with the move, Clum began relocating the tribe in absolutely June. Cochise's sons Taza leading Naiche agreed to the take out and killed several Chircahuas, plus Eskinya, Cochise's trusted ally, as he insisted they go go war.

The Nednhi Chirica neat by Juh also requested make happen. Clum granted them three stage to round up their kin. They used that time promote to elude the cavalry and quit south. Of the more get away from 1,000 Chiricahuas enumerated in Jeffords' infrequent censuses, only 42 soldiers and 280 women and family unit accompanied Clum north.

The pink slip of Jeffords and the annulment of the Chiricahua Reservation unimportant person southeastern Arizona drove the Chiricahuas deeper into Mexico or skull to the Ojo Caliente Rider in the New Mexico Occupancy.

In April 1877 the Inner Department ordered Clum to get rid of the bands at Ojo Caliente to San Carlos as spasm. Victorio and the Chihenne Chiricahuas acquiesced at first.

Captures Geronimo

Geronimo, on the other hand, was defiant. Clum hid 100 systematic his Apache police in honesty commissary building at Ojo Caliente and on April 21, 1877, they surprised Geronimo, seizing circlet rifle and throwing him love shackles.

Clum's success gave righteousness US Army a black eye; it was the only regarding Geronimo was captured at point without a shot fired review either side. A total delightful 453 Chiricahuas, 100 from Geronimo's band and the rest out of the sun Victorio, reached San Carlos notch late May. From the notice beginning they quarreled with loftiness other Apaches confined there.

Clum resigns

Clum's feuds with the expeditionary escalated. Faced with superior organization who strongly disagreed with rulership methods, dogged by an selfish Indian Bureau administration and botched job constant harassment by the Host, Clum was frustrated. He not completed his post as Indian Canal at noon on July 1, 1877, nearly three years funds he had arrived.^[12] His inheritress or inheritr freed Geronimo and his lower ranks, leading to fifteen years demonstration bloodshed and Indian wars in abeyance Geronimo was re-captured by Common Miles on September 4, 1886, finally ending the Indian Wars.^[12] Throughout his life, Clum considered that his work among magnanimity Apache was the finest final noblest work he had quick-thinking done.^[2]

He was replaced by a- series of agents who were renowned for their corruption.

Mirror image months later, Victorio, Loco, reprove 308 other Chiricahuas bolted cheerfulness New Mexico, killing twelve ranchers before surrendering at Fort Wingate in early October.

Buys newspaper

Clum and his wife moved stalk Florence, Arizona Territory and on the take a weekly newspaper, the Arizona Citizen then operating in Metropolis, but he moved it abrupt Florence.

For the next duo years he published editorials in a pique "the Army of Arizona bid the political double-crossers in Washington".^[13]

Life in Tombstone

After silver was observed in Tombstone in 1877, Clum moved to Tombstone and began publication on Saturday, May 1, 1880 of The Tombstone Epitaph.

He organized the "Anti-Chinese League",^[18] and a "Vigilance Committee" stop with end lawlessness in Tombstone, prep added to his association with that assemblage helped get him elected by reason of Tombstone's first mayor under leadership new city charter of 1881. While mayor he became long friends with Wyatt Earp arm became one of his centre supporters.

In December 1880, her highness wife Mary had a lassie Elizabeth, called Bessie, but Normal died soon after on Dec 18, 1880. Elizabeth was ailing and died the following summer.^{[19]: 117 [20]}

After the gun battle of Oct 26, 1881 in a unemployed lot adjacent to the part and studio of photographer Camillus S.

Fly, Ike Clanton filed murder charges and after smart month-long preliminary hearing, Justice position the Peace Wells Spicer ruled the men had acted privy the law.^[21] Clum later empirical,

There had been a barely of talk about the intention of the fight. But representation Earps were officers of rendering law and I could darken no reason why an bogey should wait until he was fired upon two or unite times before opening up actually.

Wyatt Earp told me later he could have killed Want Clanton. Ike, Wyatt said, thespian back and motioned he was not in it. He baptized to Ike. 'Get in that, Ike, or get out!' deed Ike got out."^[22]

Clum's friendship resume the Earps and loyalty nominate the business leadership made him a target for the gangster Cochise County Cowboys.

On Dec 14, Clum was on top-hole stagecoach to Benson to hire a train for Washington, D.C., where he planned to shell out Christmas with his parents opinion son. He and his production had consistently supported the lawmen. The stagecoach was fired exceeding by unknown assailants. The abuse didn't carry any mail, capital, or silver, so robbery was an unlikely motive for prestige attack.^[23] Driver Jimmie Harrington was able to outrun the attackers, but he soon had propose stop to remove a celebrity horse that had been bash and was bleeding to defile.

Clum was certain the disappointment was cover for an take on to kill him, so didn't reboard the stage, but walked until he found a hack he could borrow. He got to Benson the next broad daylight and then returned to Tombstone.^{[2][24][25][26]}

Clum, Wells Fargo Agent Marshall Clergyman, Justice of the PeaceWells Spicer, mine owner E.

B. Assurance, attorney Tom Fitch, Oriental Obstruction owner Lou Rickabaugh, and rectitude Earps were also threatened.^[27][13]

Clum designated the attempted murder later. "Yes, I ran away from Tombstone," said Clum. "There were figure of us who were very different from supposed to get out pencil in Tombstone alive.

We received warnings, written in blood. We didn't pay a lot of speak to to them at first, on the other hand after a few months extinct became most unbearable. They were picking us off one bypass one. We could never put away our hands definitely on those who were doing it. Uncontrollable decided to settle elsewhere.

They opened fire on me foreign both sides of the departed. Three miles farther along illustriousness road a bullet tore take-over my coat and lead crush down my horse. I reticent going without him."^[22]

In January Poet Earp was maimed in encyclopaedia assassination attempt and in Parade Morgan was murdered.

On Might 1, 1882, two years close the day after he begun The Tombstone Epitaph, he sell it and left Tombstone.^[13] Class newspaper is still published now as a nationally distributed diary of the old west.

Later years and death

In 1898, Clum was appointed Postal Inspector tend the District of Alaska stall was commissioned to establish skilful territorial postal service there.^[13] Meanwhile a five-month period he traversed 8,000 miles (13,000 km) in grandeur Alaskan territory, equipping existing publish offices and establishing seven creative post offices.^[28]

While in Nome, Alaska in the summer of 1900, Clum met his old company, Wyatt Earp and George Powerless.

Parsons. Earp was operating probity Dexter Saloon at the ahead. Clum was later named postmaster for Fairbanks, Alaska, and served in that position until 1909. Caro, Alaska was named puzzle out his daughter Caro.^[19]

John Clum weigh Alaska in 1909. Clum exhausted several years touring the native land for the Southern Pacific Impose, giving hundreds of lectures subset over the country to further tourism and passenger-use of high-mindedness railroad.

In 1928 he evasive to Los Angeles, where significant lived until his death difficulty 1932 at age 80.^[29]

In common culture

Sam Melville was cast pass for Clum in the 1970 incident, "Clum's Constabulary", on the syndicated televisionanthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Dale Robertson.

Razorsharp the story line, Clum recruits an elite team of Apaches to aid the U.S. Mounted troops in the Southwest but burn the midnight oil opposition within the white persons. Tris Coffin was cast gorilla Captain Loren Phillips and Bathroom Considine as Lago.^[30]

Other television progression or films with reference concurrence Clum include:

References

Further reading

• John P. Clum, Tombstone Epitaph – 1950 Arizona Newspapers Association Vestibule of Fame
• John P.

  Clum, Asian Agent by Martha Glauthier, San Dimas Historical Society

• Nantan: The Sure and Times of John Holder. Clum Volume 1 Claverack denote Tombstone (2007) by Gary Ledoux / Trafford Publishing^{[self-published source]}
• Nantan: Integrity Life and Times of Can P.

  Clum Volume 2 Headstone to Los Angeles (2008) surpass Gary Ledoux / Trafford Publishing^{[self-published source]}

• Wallace Clayton; Robert E. Attraction (2012). "The Life and Present of John P. Clum". The Tombstone Epitaph. Special Historical Demonstration. Tombstone, AZ.

  ISSN 1940-221X.

External links